AIDS is an acronym for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and is
thought to be caused primarily by a virus that invades white blood cells
(lymphocytes) and certain other body cells including the brain.
Although treatments for both AIDS and HIV exist to slow the virus'
progression in a human patient, there is no known cure. The rate of clinical
disease progression varies widely between individuals and has been shown to be
affected by many factors such as host susceptibility.
AIDS is thought to have originated in sub-Saharan Africa during the
twentieth century and is now a global epidemic.
In 1983 and 1984, French and U.S. researchers independently
identified the virus believed to cause AIDS as an unusual type of slow-acting
retrovirus now called « human immunodeficiency virus » or HIV. Like other
viruses, HIV is basically a tiny package of genes. But being a retrovirus, it
has the rare capacity to copy and insert its genes right into a human DNA.
Once inside a human host cell, the retrovirus using its own
capacities begins to copy its genetic code into a DNA molecule which is then
incorporated into the host's DNA. The virus becomes an integral part of the
person's body. But the viral DNA may sit hidden and inactive within human cells
for years, until some trigger stimulates it to replicate.
Thus HIV may not produce illness until its genes are «turned on»
five, ten, fifteen or perhaps more years after the initial infection.
During the latent period, HIV carriers who harbour the virus without
any sign of illness can unknowingly infect others. On average, the dormant
virus seems to be triggered into action three to six years after first invading
human cells. When switched on, viral replication may speed along, producing new
viruses that destroy fresh lymphocytes. As viral replication spreads, the
lymphocyte destruction virtually sabotages the entire immune system.
In essence, HIV viruses do not kill people, they merely render the
immune system defenceless against other infections, e.g. yeast invasions,
toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus, massive herpes infections, special forms of
pneumonia that kill in half of all AIDS patients.
That is AIDS. There are several types of AIDS. No one has been cured
up to the present moment.
СПИД
СПИД
— это аббревиатура для синдрома приобретенного иммунодефицита. Считается, что
СПИД вызывается прежде всего вирусом который атакует белые кровяные тельца
(лимфоциты) и некоторые другие клетки тела, включая мозг.
Лечение
для СПИД и ВИЧ существует, но оно только замедляет течение болезни, вылечить же
болезнь оно не может. Клиника болезни очень сильно зависит от индивидуума, при
этом на нее влияют многие факторы, включая восприимчивость к болезни.
Считается,
что СПИД возник в регионе пустыни Сахара, Африка, в XX веке и сейчас вызвал
эпидемию глобального масштаба.
В1983-1984
годах, французские и американские исследователи, независимо друг от друга, выделили
данный вирус, который, как считалось, вызывал развитие необычного типа
ретровируса замедленного действия, теперь называемого «вирус иммунной недостаточности
человека» или ВИЧ. Подобно другим вирусам, ВИЧ — это, в основном, крошечный
набор генов. Но из-за того что он является ретровирусом, он имеет редкую
способность копировать и встраивать свои гены прямо в ДНК человека.
Однажды
попав внутрь человеческого тела, ретровирус, используя свои собственные ресурсы,
начинает копировать' свои генетический код в молекулу ДНК, которая после
включается в ДНК хозяина. Вирус становится неотъемлемой частью человеческого
организма. Но инфицированный вирусом ДНК может сидеть скрытно и бездействовать
в человеческих клетках в течение многих лет, пока некий пусковой механизм не
активизирует его на размножение.
Таким
образом, ВИЧ может не вызывать заболевания, пока его гены не «включены», в
течение пяти, десяти, пятнадцати или, возможно, большего количества лет после
первичного инфицирования.
Во
время латентного периода носители ВИЧ, у которых действие вируса не проявляется,
могут неосознанно инфицировать других. Как полагают, в среднем бездействующий
вирус активируется через три или шесть лет после попадания в человеческие
клетки. Активировавшись, вирусная репликация может пойти по возрастающей, производя
новые вирусы, которые уничтожают свежие лимфоциты. Распространяясь, они
разрушают лимфоциты, что фактически парализует работу иммунной системы.
В
сущности, ВИЧ-вирусы не убивают людей, они просто делают иммунную систему
беззащитной против других заразных болезней, например, грибков, токсоплазмоза, цитомегаловируса,
тяжелой формы герпеса, особых форм пневмонии, которые убивают больных СПИДом в
половине всех случаев.
Вот
это и есть СПИД. Имеются несколько типов СПИДа. И до настоящего момента еще
никто не смог излечиться от него.
Questions:
1. What is AIDS?
2. Is AIDS curable?
3. Is AIDS very contagious disease in comparison with other viruses?
4. Where did AIDS originated from?
5. Who and when identified the virus?
6. What is HIV?
7. What is the difference between AIDS and HIV?
8. What rare capacity for viruses has HIV got?
9. Does HIV kill the carrier instantly?
10. Can HIV kill human body itself?
Vocabulary:
AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) — синдром приобретенного
иммунодефицита, СПИД
to
cause — причинять, быть причиной
primarily
— в основном, главным образом
to
invade — зд. вторгаться
white
blood cells — белые кровяные тельца
lymphocytes
— лимфоциты (белые кровяные тельца)
to
include — заключать, включать в себя, содержать в себе (among)
brain
— мозг
treatment
— лечение, уход (for — от)
cure
— лечение, курс лечения; способ лечения
rate
— темп; скорость, ход (как физическая характеристика)
disease
— болезнь
to
vary — изменяться), меняться); разниться; отличаться, различаться, расходиться
to
affect — приносить вред, наносить ущерб; поражать (о болезни)
factor
— фактор, движущая сила
host
— хозяин; принимающая сторона
susceptibility
— восприимчивость, впечатлительность; чувствительность
to
originate — давать начало, порождать; создавать
global
epidemic — эпидемия мирового масштаба
researcher
— исследователь
to
identify — идентифицировать; зд. выделить
retrovirus
— ретровирус
HI
V —ВИЧ
gene
— ген
DNA
— ДНК
trigger—
«пусковой механизм»
to
replicate — реплицироваться, размножаться
the
initial infection — первоначальное инфицирование
latent
period — латентный (скрытый) период
to
harbour — зд. иметь, носить
dormant
— спящий
to
spread (прош. вр. — spread; прич. прош. вр. — spread) — распространять (ся)
merely
— просто
to
render — делать, превращать
yeast
— зд. грибок
toxoplasmosis
— токсоплазмоз
cytomegalovirus
— цитомегаловирус, ЦМВ
massive herpes infections — тяжелая форма герпеса
AIDS
patient — зд. больной СПИДом
Список литературы
Для
подготовки данной работы были использованы материалы с сайта alleng/
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