Computer is an electronic device
that can receive a set of instructions called program and then carry out them.
The modern world of high technology could not be possible without .
Different types and sizes of computers find uses throughout our society. They
are used for the storage and handling of data, secret governmental files,
information about banking transactions and so on.
Computers have opened up a new era
in manufacturing and they have enhanced modern communication systems. They are
essential tools in almost every field of research, from constructing models of
the universe to producing tomorrow's weather reports. Using of different
databases and computer networks make available a great variety of information
sources.
There are two main types of
computers, analog and digital, although the term computer is often used to mean
only the digital type, because this type of computer is widely used today. That
is why I am going to tell you about digital computers.
Everything that a digital computer
does is based on one operation: the ability to determine: on or off, high voltage
or low voltage or — in the case of numbers — 0 or 1 or do-called binary code.
The speed at which the computer performs this simple act is called computer
speed. Computer speeds are measured in Hertz or cycles per second. A computer
with a «clock speed» of 2000 MHz is a fairly representative microcomputer
today. It is capable of executing 2000 million discrete operations per second.
Nowadays microcomputers can perform from 800 to over 3000 million operations
per second and supercomputers used in research and defense applications attain
speeds of many billions of cycles per second.
Digital computer speed and
calculating power are further enhanced by the amount of data handled during
each cycle. Except two main types of computers, analog and digital there are
eight generations of digital computers or processing units. The first
generation was represented by processing unit Intel 8086.
The second generation central
processing unit was represented by processing unit Intel 80286, used in IBM PC
AT 286. The third generation is Intel 80386, used in IBM PC AT 386. The
microprocessors of the fourth generation were used in computers IBM PC AT 486.
There are also central processing units of the fifth generation, used in Intel
Pentium 60 and Intel Pentium 66, central processing units of the sixth
generation, used in computers Intel Pentium 75, 90, 100 and 133. Few years ago
appeared central processing units of seventh and eighth generations. They are
much more powerful and can perform from 2000 to over 3000 million operations
per second.
Компьютеры
Компьютер
— это электронное устройство, которое может получать набор инструкций, называемых
программой, и затем исполнять их. Современный мир высоких технологий не был бы
возможен без компьютеров- В нашем обществе находят применение компьютеры разных
типов и размеров. Они используются для хранения и обработки данных секретных
правительственных файлов и информации о банковских операциях и т. д.
Компьютеры
открыли новую эру в производстве, они улучшили современные системы связи. Они
являются важнейшими инструментами почти в каждой области исследования—от
построения моделей Вселенной до создания прогноза погоды на последующие дни.
Использование различных баз данных и компьютерных сетей позволяет использовать
все разнообразие информационных источников.
Существует
два главных типа компьютера, аналоговый и цифровой, хотя термин «компьютер»
часто используется только для обозначения цифрового компьютера, так как этот
тип компьютера широко используется сегодня. Именно поэтому я и собираюсь
рассказать вам о цифровых вычислительных машинах.
Все,
что цифровая вычислительная машина делает, основано на одном действии —
способности определять: включено или выключено, высокое напряжение или низкое
напряжение, или — если брать цифры, то — 0 или 1 или так называемый бинарный
код. Скорость, с которой компьютер исполняет это простое действие, называется
скоростью компьютера. Скорость компьютера измеряется в герцах или тактовой
частотой. Компьютер с тактовой частотой 2000 mHz является довольно распространенным
сегодня. Он способен выполнять два миллиарда дискретных действий в секунду. В
настоящее время микрокомпьютеры могут выполнять от 800 до 3000 операций в
секунду, а суперкомпьютеры, используемые в исследовательской деятельности и
обороне, достигают скоростей в многие миллиарды операций в секунду.
Объем
данных, обработанных в течение каждого цикла, все больше и больше увеличивает
вычислительную мощность и скорость цифрового компьютера. Кроме двух типов
компьютера, аналогового и цифрового, выделяются восемь поколений цифровых
компьютеров. Первое поколение было представлено вычислительным устройством
Intel 8086.
Второе
поколение было представлено вычислительным устройством Intel 80286, использованное
в компьютере IBM PC AT 286. Третье поколение — это процессор Intel 80386, который
использовался в компьютере IBM PC AT 386. Микропроцессоры четвертого поколения
использовались в компьютерах IBM PC AT 486. Также есть процессоры пятого
поколения, используемые в компьютерах Пентиум 60 и Пентиум 66, центральные
вычислительные устройства шестого поколения, которые использовались в
компьютерах Пентиум 75, 90, 100 и 133. Несколько лет назад появились процессоры
седьмого и восьмого поколений. Они более мощные и работают со скоростями от
2000 до более 3000 операций в секунду.
Questions:
1. What is computer?
2. What is the main purpose of all
computers?
3. Where are computers used?
4. What is the index of computer
speed?
5. What speeds do modern computers
have?
6. How many generations of digital
computer are there?
7. What is the first generation
processing unit?
Vocabulary:
electronic
device — электронное устройство
to
receive — получать, принимать
set of instructions — набор/свод инструкций
to carry out — выполнять
society — общество
storage — хранение
handling — обработка
transaction — операция
to
enhance — повышать, увеличивать
essential
— существенный
tool
— инструмент, орудие
network
— сеть
source
— источник
analog
— аналоговый
digital
— цифровой
ability
— способность, возможность
to
determine — определять
voltage
— напряжение
discrete
operation — дискретное действие
to
perform — выполнять, осуществлять
defense
— оборона, защита
to
attain — достигать
amount
of data — объем данных
except
— за исключением, кроме
processing
unit — вычислительное устройство
Список литературы
Для
подготовки данной работы были использованы материалы с сайта alleng/
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