Paper
An Investigation into the factors affecting the rate of reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid
Planning
* Hypothesis
I predict that as the temperature increases, the speed of the reaction will increase therefore the gas will be produced faster. I believe this because most chemical reactions happen faster when the temperature is higher. At higher temperatures molecules mover around faster, which makes it easier for them to react together. Usually, a rise of 10OC will double the rate of reaction.
Chemical reactions take place by chance. Particles need to collide with enough velocity so that they react. As the temperature is increased the particles move faster since they have more energy. This means that they are colliding more often and more of the collisions have enough velocity to cause a reaction. Since there are more collisions the chemical reaction takes place faster.
* Pilot Experiment
To decide on the best volume and concentration of hydrochloric acid and best mass of magnesium a number of calculations were done and a pilot experiment conducted.
The equation for the reaction is:
Magnesium(s) + Hydrochloric Acid(l) Magnesium Chloride(l) + Hydrogen(g)
Mg(s) + 2HCL(l) MgCl2(l) + H2(g)
We were advised to use 0.1g of magnesium ribbon (found to be 10.9 cm long). The Relative Molecular Mass (RMM) of magnesium is 24, therefore the moles of magnesium to be used was:
Moles= 0.1
24
Moles= 0.00416
In the reaction above, 1 mole of magnesium reacts with 2 moles of hydrochloric acid. The concentration of acid was 1mol/dm3. Therefore the volume of hydrochloric acid used was:
Volume = 0.00416 * 2
1
Volume = 0.0083dm3
Volume = 8.3cm3
It was decided to use an excess of hydrochloric acid to ensure all the magnesium reacted, therefore 10cm3 of acid was used in the pilot experiment. At room temperature 10cm3 of hydrochloric acid was added to 0.1g of magnesium and the gas was collected (see fig 1). The volume of gas produced was measured every 15 seconds. It was found that the reaction was too rapid to be effectively measured, therefore 10cm3 of water was added to halve the concentration of the acid.
* Investigation Experiment
I am going to investigate how temperature affects the rate of reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid. The procedure for the experiment is as follows;
* Using a measuring cylinder, measure 10cm3 of water and pour it into the side arm tube.
* Measure 10cm3 of hydrochloric acid (1 mol/ dm3) and add it to the water.
* Place the side arm tube in a water bath at 20OC, set up the apparatus below.
* Measure 10.9 cm of magnesium ribbon and check on the balance that it weighs 0.1g.
* Coil the ribbon around a pencil and then drop it into the side arm tube and quickly put a bung on the side arm tube (this must be done quickly to prevent gas escaping).
* Every 15 seconds measure the volume of gas produced until less than 1cm3 of gas is produced every 15 seconds.
* Repeat experiment two more times (for accuracy) and record all results in a table.
* Repeat the experiment for temperatures of 30 OC, 40 OC, 50 OC and 60 OC
It is important that only the temperature is changed since this is what is being investigated.
Method
* Apparatus
I have chosen to use a 10cm3 measuring cylinder to measure the volumes of substances used since it is more accurate than a pipette. I will use an electronic water bath for maintaining the mixture at a temperature since the temperature is more accurate than a water bath above a Bunsen burner.
A 100cm3 gas syringe should be appropriately accurate for measuring the gas produced since it is accurate to 1cm3 of gas. I will use a three figure balance to measure the mass of magnesium to be used since it is vital that as close to 0.1g of magnesium is used as possible.
* Variables
I have chosen to repeat the experiment 3 times because it therefore allows me to calculate an average rate of reaction. This will ensure that there are no abnormal results and it will increase accuracy. I have decided to start readings at 20OC and increase by 10OC each time until 60OC is reached, since it will allow me to see the increase in rate of reaction and 5 results should be enough to identify any trends.
* Rates of Reaction
Increasing the temperature increases the speed of the particles. The faster the particles move, the greater the number of collisions, and therefore the rate of the reaction increases. A 10OC rise in temperature almost doubles the rate of most reactions.
Chemical reactions take place by chance. Particles need to collide with enough velocity so that they react. As the temperature is increased the particles move faster since they have more energy. This means that they are colliding more often and more of the collisions have enough velocity to cause a reaction. Since there are more collisions the chemical reaction takes place faster.
Analysing Evidence
First three graphs were drawn (one for each time the whole experiment was carried out). So that the graphs did not become over crowded the curves were drawn on separate pieces of see through OHP film and overlaid each graph. Note: They have been attached all overlaid their appropriate graph but should be viewed one at a time overlaid the appropriate graph. A tangent was drawn at the beginning of each curve and its gradient calculated, the gradients are shown in the table below.
The average gradient was calculated and then the gradients plotted on a graph. As the temperature increases so does the rate of reaction. Increasing the temperature increases the speed of the particles. The faster the particles move, the greater the number of collisions, and therefore the rate of the reaction increases.
Chemical reactions take place by chance. Particles need to collide with enough velocity so that they react. As the temperature is increased the particles move faster since they have more energy. This means that they are colliding more often and more of the collisions have enough velocity to cause a reaction. Since there are more collisions the chemical reaction takes place faster.
In my design I predicted that as the temperature increased the rate of reaction would increase. I predicted that for every 10OC increase in temperature the rate of reaction would double. I was correct that as the temperature increases so does the rate of reaction however the rate of reaction does not double for every 10 OC increase in temperature although it is a linear relationship.
Evaluating Evidence
I believe that the experiment was successful but some of the results were unexpected/unreliable. The lines on the graphs for 20OC and 30OC cross, this doesn’t affect my results since I am only concerned with the initial rate or reaction but it was unexpected. In graph 3 the rate of reaction for 60OC is lower than that of 50OC – this result is anomalous and has been ignored in this investigation.
I believe that the experiment was designed well but there were a few problems. Although the initial rate of reaction (which is what I am concerned with in this investigation) seemed to fit a trend, the rate of reaction curves of some temperatures on the graphs crossed. This could have been because some of the magnesium had corroded forming a magnesium oxide layer which would have affected the rate of reaction.
Other factor which could have given me unreliable results could have been that the gas syringes were wet causing them to jam and so not giving correct results or that the bung was not placed on the top of the side arm tube fast enough which allowed gas to escape. I conducted all three experiments for each temperature at the same time to save time. An error in my graphs (plotting, drawing curves or calculating gradients) could have also affected the calculated rates of reaction.
To improve the experiment I would find a way of attaching and releasing the magnesium inside the side arm tube above the acid (with a bung at the top of the side arm tube) so that the magnesium could be dropped into the acid without any gas being lost.
Additional work, which could be carried out, is to repeat the experiment using, a wider range of temperatures. The investigation could also be extended to investigate other factors affecting the rate of reaction such as catalysts, concentration of the acid or particle size of the magnesium.
Другие работы по теме:
On The Bench Essay Research Paper In
?On The Bench? Essay, Research Paper In his essay, ?On The Bench?, Robert Parker shows the trials and tribulations of trying to be both mentally and physically strong. He writes about how horrible it is being thin and weak, and having to hold on to his wife?s arm when it is windy out. I hope that this essay was intended to be humorous, because it did in fact make me laugh.
Dance Essay Research Paper The reasons I
Dance Essay, Research Paper The reasons I want to attend Oklahoma Summer Arts Institute are the fact of dancing for two weeks straight. The chance to be able to express myself in my
Enrico Fermi Essay Research Paper Enrico FermiBy
Enrico Fermi Essay, Research Paper Enrico Fermi By: Fernando-3-C ?Enrico Fermi was an Italian-American physicist and Nobel laureate, known for achieving the first controlled nuclear reaction (Encarta 98).?
Rumor Of War Essay Research Paper Rumor
Rumor Of War Essay, Research Paper Rumor Of WarIn all wars, civilians always suffer, and inexcusable deliberate acts of murder and pillage always exist. America was certainly no exception, and the public was never more conscious of its own soldiers atrocities then during the long and confusing Vietnam conflict.
Drought Essay Research Paper DroughtA few of
Drought Essay, Research Paper Drought A few of the things they discussed were the fact that it didn’t need to be hot to have a drought, the colors of the leaves during the fall, the fact that most perennials wouldn’t survive, and how some of the animal species wouldn’t survive either.
Near Death Experiences Essay Research Paper It
Near Death Experiences Essay, Research Paper It all begins for us at birth. We are thrust into a world of constant activity from childhood all the way up to adulthood. Life is busy and we tend not to think about the fact of our inevitable death. It doesn?t seem to make any sense that we will no longer exist as we know it.
By Steve Barnes Essay Research Paper LITTLE
By Steve Barnes Essay, Research Paper LITTLE ROCK, Ark. (Reuters) -Independent counsel Kenneth Starr’sprosecutors rested their case againstWhitewater figure Susan McDougalThursday after a week of testimonyaimed at proving she broke the law bynot talking to a grand jury.
Macbeth Essay Research Paper Lady MacBeth hated
Macbeth Essay, Research Paper Lady MacBeth hated Duncan when he came to the land. She hated the fact that he stood a chance of being king over her husband which ment she stood a chance of not being queen. Knowing this,
2D And 3D Sequences Project Essay Research
Paper Plan of Investigation In this experiment I am going to require the following: A calculator A pencil A pen Variety of sources of information Paper Ruler In this investigation I have been asked to find out how many squares would be needed to make up a certain pattern according to its sequence. The pattern is shown on the front page.
Ammendment 5 Essay Research Paper The fifth
Ammendment 5 Essay, Research Paper The fifth ammendment. Today in America, criminals have the right to self incrimination. Criminals should not be allowed to have this right. This allows criminals to hide the truth from the jury. Amendment five should should not stand today because it gives criminals protection, under law, that they should not have.
Dickens Era
–Child Labor Essay, Research Paper Even though many of you parents out there are in fact opposed to sending your children to work in these textile factories, there are, in fact, many parents who do feel differently. However, there aren?t enough of these kinds of parents to satisfy factory owners, so they went as far as to purchase innocent children from orphanages and workhouses.
Hamlets Sanity Essay Research Paper Hamlet s
Hamlets Sanity Essay, Research Paper Hamlet s Sanity In the second act of Hamlet , it is evedent that Hamlet is not the norm . It comes down to the question of either Hamlet is faking his insanity or he has truly lost his mind. Polonius made the ussumption that Hamlet has gone mad with love, a theory inwich holds it s own from a outside point of view.Through further investigation in which Claudius and Polonius spy on Hamlet by using Ophelia as bate .
The Waterworks Essay Research Paper The WaterworksOver
The Waterworks Essay, Research Paper The WaterworksOver the course of the novel, The Waterworks, by E.L. Doctorow, Doctorow uses various comparisons. Both with the charachters and plot, Doctorow uses parallelism to give the reader a deeper sence of the corruption and its eventual downfall, during the post-civil war times in New York.
Stellar Stella Essay Research Paper Stellar StellaAfter
Stellar Stella Essay, Research Paper Stellar Stella After the reading of a play entitled A Streetcar Named Desire, written by Tennessee Williams, there was quite a discussion on what women thought of as the ideal man. Was Stanley Kawalski the type of guy women secretly yearned for their whole lives? Although many responses came up, a few questions were not mentioned: What makes the ideal woman? What is it that attracts men to women? Stanley Kawalski may be the ideal ?macho? man, but what about his wife, Stella? Upon closer investigation, I have concluded that indeed Stella is the ideal woman.
Nuclear Medicine Essay Research Paper Nuclear MedicineThere
Nuclear Medicine Essay, Research Paper Nuclear Medicine There are many things to be said about Nuclear Medicine. During the 20th century the world has seen many changes in medicine. One of the most ingenious creations of the century in the health field is Nuclear Medicine and Radiology. It is easily argued that modern medicine is the greatest accomplishment in human history1.
Factors Affecting The Rate Of Osmosis Essay
, Research Paper `Planning Osmosis is the net movement of water molecules from a region of their higher concentration through a partially permeable membrane. This movement usually takes place through a
Critical Essay Essay Research Paper Critical View
Critical Essay Essay, Research Paper Critical View Essay As Mr. Darrow explains in this essay an agnostic is simply one who doubts, one who questions things and possesses a quality of skepticism. Darrow explains that the fear of God is not the beginning of wisdom. He says “The fear of god is the death of wisdom.
Critical Thinking Essay Research Paper Critical thinking
Critical Thinking Essay, Research Paper Critical thinking would be important to the well being of our society for many reasons except for the fact that hardly anyone ever uses it. If people used critical thinking all the time society would be a very different place. People would actually think about what they were going to say and what it means before they said it.
Cold Blood Essay Research Paper In Cold
Cold Blood Essay, Research Paper In Cold BloodIn Cold Blood is Truman Capote’s 1965 “nonfiction novel” re-creation of the sensational and mesmerizing events and people surrounding the brutal slaying of the Clutter family in Holcomb, Kansas. The book covers the events leading up to the murders in both the victims’ and the murderers’ lives, the crime, and the aftermath, including the police investigation, trial, imprisonment, and eventual hanging of the two young murderers, Richard Hickock and Perry Smith.
King Lear Essay Research Paper The ending
King Lear Essay, Research Paper The ending of King Lear has proven itself very controversial in its history. in shakespeare’s other play, the conclusions are simple: Othello kills himself, Macbeth is executed, ans everyone dies in hamlet. lear, however, is not as simple as the preceding, and in fact, leaves many questions unanswered.
Accounting Essay Research Paper People with money
Accounting Essay, Research Paper People with money need to be extremely careful whom they build relationships with. There are always slime balls out there looking for the easiest way to make a living. Whether it s their friends, spouse, banker, accountant, or broker they need to know and trust these people.
The Gift Essay Research Paper The Gift
The Gift Essay, Research Paper The Gift In “The Gift” by Louise Glock, the little boy is calling oggie, oggie, at his front door. This could mean several things, first we would have to look at
Are Students Safe Essay Research Paper Current
Are Students Safe? Essay, Research Paper Current Event Are students safe in school anymore? Today two more lives are lost in a school shooting. This time it happened in Arkansas University. It is all under investigation right now, but it appears to be a murder-suicide situation. They still have not given any information on the shooter, but the victims apparently were a professor at the university and a graduate student.
Woman In Theater Essay Research Paper Woman
Woman In Theater Essay, Research Paper Woman In Theatre Woman in Greek theatre is something you just don t see. In fact woman were put in the same category as slaves. In this time of the gods, woman were forbid to play their own part in the famous thing we call Greek theatre. Taking the place of these women were testosterone driven men portraying the woman part with their own preconceived idea of how woman really are.
Near Earth Objects Essay Research Paper Near
Near Earth Objects Essay, Research Paper Near Earth Objects What are NEOs? Where do they come from? Do they pose any real threat to Earth? Can they provide viable space resources? All of these questions are now
Mr Essay Research Paper An investigation into
Mr Essay, Research Paper An investigation into Hotel Users expectations of The Best Hotel Chain 1. Aims and Objectives 1. To examine what the expectations of hotel users are of The Best Hotel Chain.
Table Patterns Essay Research Paper Table Patterns
Table Patterns Essay, Research Paper Table Patterns Q1. For the first part of this investigation into table patterns I am going to see what happens when you add the two numbers in opposite corners of
Chicago White Soxs Scandal Essay Research Paper
The Chicago White Sox?s scandal of 1919 was a very famous baseball scandal. It was a scandal about money, and lying. This essay will help you understand who was involved, and what happened. Hopefully, this essay will answer all your questions and concerns.