Aerodynamics Essay, Research Paper
Used in Miami Florida, Palmetto Middle School, Mr. Sams.
Aerodynamics is a branch of fluid mechanics that deals with the motion of air and other gaseous fluids, and with the forces acting on bodies in motion. The motion of an airplane through the air, the wind forces exerted on a building, and the operation of a windmill are all examples of aerodynamic action.
Bernoulli’s Principle
One of the fundamental laws about the motion of fluids is Bernoulli s Principle, which relates an increase in flow velocity to a decrease in pressure and vice versa. Bernoulli s principle is used in aerodynamics to explain the lift of an airplane wing in flight. A wing is designed so that air flows more rapidly over its upper surface than its lower one, leading to a decrease in pressure on the top surface. The pressure difference provides the lift that keeps the aircraft in flight. The velocity of a gust of wind that strikes the surface of a building is close to zero near its wall. According to Bernoulli s principle, this would lead to a rise in pressure relative to the pressure away from the building, resulting in wind forces that the buildings must be designed to withstand. Another important aspect of aerodynamics is the drag, or resistance, on solid bodies moving through air. The drag forces exerted by the air flowing over the airplane, must be overcome by the thrust force from either the jet engine or the propellers. These drag forces can be significantly reduced by streamlining the body. On objects that are not fully streamlined, the drag force increases approximately with the square of the speed as they move rapidly through the air. The power required, for example, to drive an automobile steadily at medium or high speeds is primarily absorbed in overcoming air resistance.
Supersonics
Supersonics, an important branch of aerodynamics, concerns phenomena that arise when the velocity of a solid body exceeds the speed of sound in the medium, usually air, in which it is traveling. The speed of sound in the atmosphere varies with humidity, temperature, and pressure because the speed of sound is a critical factor in aerodynamic equations, it is represented by a Mach number, named after the Austrian physicist and philosopher Ernst Mach, who pioneered the study of ballistics. The Mach number is the speed of a projectile or aircraft with reference to the atmosphere, divided by the speed of sound under the same conditions. At sea level, under standard conditions of humidity and temperature, a speed of about 1220 km/hr (about 760 mph) represents a Mach number of one. The same speed in the stratosphere, because of differences in density, pressure, and temperature, would cause a Mach number of M-1.16. By designating speeds by Mach number, rather than by kilometers or miles per hour, a more accurate representation of the actual conditions encountered in flight can be obtained.
Shock waves
Studies of artillery projectiles in flight reveal the nature of the atmospheric disturbances encountered in supersonic flight. A series of such photographs discloses the following characteristics of flight. At subsonic speeds, below M-0.85, the only atmospheric disturbance is turbulence in the wake of the projectile. In the transonic range, from M-0.85 to M-1.3, shock waves appear as speed increases; in the lower part of this speed range shock waves arise from any abrupt breaks in the smooth contour of the projectile. As the speed passes M-1, shock waves arise from the nose and tail and are propagated from the projectile in the form of a cone. At M-1, the nose wave is essentially a flat plane; at M-1.4 (1712 km/hr, or 1064 mph at sea level) the angle of the nose cone is about 90.; and at M-2.48 (about 3060 km/hr, or about 1900 mph), the shock wave in front the projectile has a cone-like angle of slightly less than 50.. This line of research has already made possible the design of modern high-speed airplanes, in which the wings are swept back at angles as great as 60., to avoid the shock wave from the nose of the plane.
Maximum efficiency
Other factors determined by research in the supersonic range of speeds of artillery projectiles include the shape of the projectiles and the rate of gas flow. The tear-drop shape, which is the ideal streamlined shape for subsonic speeds, is extremely uneconomical in the supersonic range. If gaseous flow occurs through a constricted tube, for example the nozzle of a rocket, at subsonic speeds, the speed of the flow increases and the pressure decreases in the throat of the constriction. The opposite phenomena take place at supersonic speeds, and speed of flow increases in a divergent tube. The exhaust gas of a rocket, increasing to sonic speed in the throat of a rocket nozzle, further increases its speed and thrust in the flare of the nozzle, and it multiplys the efficiency of the rocket system. Another factor, long known to rocket designers, is the direct influence of atmospheric pressures on the efficiency of the flight of planes in supersonic speed ranges. That is, the closer the surrounding atmosphere is to a perfect vacuum, the more efficient is the power plant of the plane. The range of the supersonic plane can also be increased by reducing the area, or cross section, displacing atmosphere. Increasing the weight by increasing the length, but at the same time making the plane more slender and equipping it with a needle nose, are necessary features of design for planes operating in the supersonic range in the atmosphere. In the years following World War II, the U.S. Air Force and the U.S. Navy established research institutions that included among their facilities wind tunnels capable of testing plane models and airplane parts in currents of air traveling at supersonic speeds.
Area rule
A major development in aeronautics resulting from wind-tunnel research was the discovery by the American physicist Richard Travis Whitcomb of the area rule, a new principle for the design of supersonic aircraft. According to this principle, the sharp rise in drag that occurs at transonic speeds results from the distribution of the total cross-sectional area at each point along the airplane. By pinching in the fuselage where the wings are attached, the reduction in the combined cross-sectional area of the fuselage and the wing produces a decrease in the drag characteristics of the aircraft. Whitcomb s so-called wasp-waist design made possible an increase of 25 percent in the supersonic-speed range without requiring any additional engine power.
Другие работы по теме:
Romeo An Juliet Essay Research Paper hi
Romeo An Juliet Essay, Research Paper hi i need an essay about a character in romeo and juliet that demonsrtated maturity. in a well developed multi pagraph essay and say why you think the character’s maturity was greater than the other characters in the play.
Cocaine Essay Research Paper Cocainea powerful central
Cocaine Essay, Research Paper Cocaine-a powerful central nervous system stimulant-has been a big problem for the Drug Enforcement Agency(DEA) in south Florida since the 1960s. Drug cartels ship coke to the United States frequently, Miami being the main port. Cocaine has several nicknames: C, cream, snow, powder, and blow.
Oh Really Essay Research Paper Oh Reallyyou
Oh Really? Essay, Research Paper Oh Really, you think i am a lark, the dogs they run and bark, but when i say to them, shut up shut up shut up, you say to be nice to them,
James Bartlett Essay Research Paper James Bartlett1240
James Bartlett Essay, Research Paper James Bartlett 1240 NW 175 terr Miami, Fl 33169 305 621 4377 Ms. Latcna My pouch was taken, at the Winn Dixie store. At that time I called First Union to tell them about it, I talked to a lady in the fraud division. She called the bank that I use and, I was told not to change the account.
Male Aggressiveness Essay Research Paper Compared to
Male Aggressiveness Essay, Research Paper Compared to many other places in the world, the homicide rate for Miami-Dade County is troublingly high. The principal contributors are men. It is known that men are more prone to commit homicides than women. It is not known, though, what makes men so much more aggressive than women.
Elian Gonzalez Essay Research Paper The swarms
Elian Gonzalez Essay, Research Paper The swarms of rumors and tons of media coverage form a shaded cloud around one boy, his name Elian Gonzalez. Elian has been crowded by cameras , flashes
Elian Gonzalez Should Stay In The US
. Essay, Research Paper Dear Rosa Delauro, After reading many articles in the newspapers and magazines that all state, 6 year old Elian Gonzalez has been in the
Gloria Estefan
’s Successful Life Essay, Research Paper “There’s no growth with out a lot of hard work and little risk.” (members.xcom./_xmcm/troycities/gebio.htm) This statement is a reflection of what Gloria stands for. However there is more to Gloria, than concerts and videos, her personal life. Which would consist of family and marriage.
Big Money Essay Research Paper The Chicago
Big Money Essay, Research Paper The Chicago Bulls’ Michael Jordan set the pace, signing a one-year contract for $30 million, making him the highest-paid player for one season in the history of team sports. Then, in a pair of seven-year deals, the Miami Heat retained their Alonzo Mourning for $105 million and picked off the Washington Bullets’ Juwan Howard for more than $100 million.
Press Release Essay Research Paper BUCCANEERS TO
Press Release Essay, Research Paper BUCCANEERS TO TACKLE RESTAURANT PROJECT Tampa, FL- The Top Floor, the fastest growing restaurant of the Tampa Bay area, announced its merger today with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. This is a new concept where sports are concerned and has been the talk of town since the Buccaneers? victory last week over the Miami Dolphins.
Bilingual Education In Miami Essay Research Paper
While California debates whether to stop teaching school children in two languages, the school system in Miami, Florida is expanding bilingual education. This city at the crossroads of the Americas is expanding bilingual education under the argument that students will need to speak, read and write in English and Spanish when they reach the business world.
Elian Gonzalez Essay Research Paper Emotions run
Elian Gonzalez Essay, Research Paper Emotions run high and opinions run irrational when it comes to the custody status of Elian Gonzalez. Many people insist that Elian will live a miserable life in Cuba because little Elian will not have the freedom that America allows it?s citizens. Yet at the when these voices, including Elian?s South Florida family, demand freedom for little Elian, they kidnap Elian from the love and parental guidance Elian?s father, Juan Miguel, provides.
Elian Gonzalez Essay Research Paper Elian should
Elian Gonzalez Essay, Research Paper Elian should stay in the United States Elian Gonzalez, a 6 year-old Cuban boy, was found Thanksgiving Day clinging to an inner tube off the coast of Miami after his mother, along with nine other people, drowned while fleeing Communist Cuba in a boat. (Elian Gonzalez Timeline Part I, 1).
Airplanes Essay Research Paper ResearchAirplanes are an
Airplanes Essay, Research Paper Research: Airplanes are an efficient way of traveling to far places. Airplanes are amazing if you know what and how the air keeps the plane airborne. There are three components of flight: aerodynamics, the Bernoulli principal and supersonic flight. Some other things about flight are the four forces, lift, drag, weight, and thrust.
Jim Morrison Essay Research Paper Jim MorrisonAmerican
Jim Morrison Essay, Research Paper Jim Morrison*****American singer and songwriter, born in Melbourne, Florida, and educated at the University of California at Los Angeles. In 1966, he formed a group called the Doors with Ray Manzarek, John Densmore, and Robbie Krieger. The group became known for its extravagant performing style, combining sensual movements and a hard-hitting sound, amplified to huge proportions.
Eiffel Tower Essay Research Paper My report
Eiffel Tower Essay, Research Paper My report is on the Eiffel Tower. The Eiffel was built in 1889, for the celebration of the centennial of The French Revolution. Which was in 1789. The Eiffel Tower was named for the builder, Gustave Alexandre Eiffel.u7
Press Release On A Press Conference Essay
, Research Paper The City of Miami is headed no-where regarding its future said Ronald Hofsteider, an environmental science professor at the University of Miami. ?Though Miami has come a long way in history, the future seems very bleak,? he added.
Our Trip To Miami Essay Research Paper
Our trip to Miami, Florida We are traveling to Miami, Florida. We are leaving from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. We will be traveling through 7 states. The capital of Pennsylvania is Harrisburg. Independence Hall is in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The states we are flying over are Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, And Florida.
Elian Gozalez Essay Research Paper Quien es
Elian Gozalez Essay, Research Paper Quien es Elian? El nino mas famoso de CUBA.Noviembre 22, 1999 una fecha hiciera historia. Ese dia en un pequeno bote 14 personas salieron de Cuba buscando libertad en rumbo a Miami. Elian lo llaman un milagro, otros un heroe. Hay quien lo considera un gran fracaso para los Estados Unidos mientras otros lo ven como un paso mas cerca a la derota de Fidel.Castro.
Something About Mary Essay Research Paper Something
Something About Mary Essay, Research Paper Something about Mary Its a comedy film, that came to Spain in November of the 1998. It was directed by the Farinelli brothers. And his main stars are: Cameron Diaz (Mary), Matt Dylon (a strange detective) and Ben Stiller (Ted).
Gambling Essay Research Paper Sports GamblingThere are
Gambling Essay, Research Paper Sports Gambling There are a number of different ways a person can gamble on Professional football. The only problem is here in Wisconsin it is illegal. In the following I will list several different ways a person can gamble on football.
Everglade Dilemma Essay Research Paper Everglade DilemmaThe
Everglade Dilemma Essay, Research Paper Everglade Dilemma The worlds systems of life are of such complexity that even modern man can’t fully understand and predict it. The common word for this is Mother Nature and the question is the mystery of life. Life was created by a specific set of environmental and geologic features present at the same time.
Sex Ed Essay Research Paper High school
Sex Ed Essay, Research Paper High school sex ed falling short By Melissa Baker The Miami Student Often, sexuality education is a taboo in American culture. As a result, sexual education programs at many schools create controversy.
Letter To Teacher Essay Research Paper Dear
Letter To Teacher Essay, Research Paper Dear Ms. Marquez, My name is Brenda Gonzalez and I am currently enrolled in your English 1301 class. For starters, I am 19yrs old and of Mexican Heritage. I have been enrolled in HCC for approximately 4 semesters now, and the one class I can’t seem to feel satisfied with is my English 1301 class.
Holocaust Memorial Essay Research Paper The Holocaust
Holocaust Memorial Essay, Research Paper The Holocaust Memorial Located close to lively South Beach is one of the most haunting pieces of art I have ever seen. The deeply moving Holocaust Memorial in Miami is an art installation that combines the senses of sight, sound and a vivid array of emotions. The structure itself is a walled circle within a semicircle.
Dudley Randall
–Online Poems Essay, Research Paper The Profile on the Pillow After our fierce loving in the brief time we found to be together, you lay in the half light exhausted, rich,
Aerodynamics In Cars Essay Research Paper AERODYNAMICS
Aerodynamics In Cars Essay, Research Paper AERODYNAMICS IN CARS Aerodynamics has always been around. People have always been discovering ways to make things travel better and faster through air. Ever since the first man put a sharpened rock on the end of a spear or arrow or made a boomerang come back. Now days people understand the concepts of why certain shapes work better.
Hurricanes 4 Essay Research Paper Hurricane name
Hurricanes 4 Essay, Research Paper Hurricane, name applied to migratory tropical cyclones that originate over oceans in certain regions near the equator, and particularly to those arising in the West Indian region, including the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. Hurricane-type cyclones in the western Pacific are known as typhoons.
Florida Essay Research Paper FloridaThere are many
Florida Essay, Research Paper Florida There are many different places to go and to see in this great country. Are you looking for fun in the sun? Then Florida is your vacation paradise. The whole family will enjoy a trip to Florida because of many different attractions, water activities and sports.
Porsche Essay Research Paper Porsche
Porsche Essay, Research Paper Porsche’s are the greatest production sports car in the world, Because of their manufacturing and production methods, High performance and sleek design.