Primary Socialization Theory Essay, Research Paper
PRIMARY SOCIALIZATION THEORY
Traditional sociological analyses tie secondary socialization sources to behavior, usually using linkage through stress. Situations, personal traits, etc. lead to stress, and drugs relieve them. According to Oetting and Donnermeyer, these secondary socialization sources operate only via their effects on primary socializations sources. “Unless a personality trait, a community characteristic, stress, or any other factor influences bonding with the primary socialization sources or alters the communication of norms through those sources, the theory proposes that there will be little or no effect on deviant behaviors. (Oetting and Donnermeyer, 1998)
Thus far (there is to be a series of three articles, only one of which has been published) the major analysis has been of adolescents. Three primary sources of socialization are proposed: family, school and peer groups. While any of these groups are capable of transmitting both prosocial and deviant norms, family and school are seen as being primarily prosocial and peer groups carrying the main risk of trasmitting deviant norms.
Family socialization contains two components which impact an adolescent’s risk for deviance: the strength of the family bond, and the use of those bonds to transmit prosocial norms. Dysfunctional families may either alienate their children and/or provide deviant normative information to them. The family bond of concern in these cases is not just a matter of support of love. It is more specifically limited to the level to which an individual is willing to accept and adopt values and norms from the family, and thus to behave accordingly.
Society currently assigns schools the responsibility of transmitting certain cultural and behavioral norms. In the same way that there are dysfunctional families, there are also dysfunctional schools which have parallel weaknesses. The typical image of a dysfunctional school, of the resignation to chaos and deviance is only one type. Even in the best schools, there will be alienated peer groups. Poor grades, disciplinary problems etc. tend to erode the bond between an adolescent and school, and thus erode the ability of the school to transmit prosocial norms. These students are forced outside the circle in which other peers may be receiving normative socialization. Studies of these disaffected groups have shown that students experiencing alienation, lack of success within the school framework, and other problems with deriving rewards from school have a greater tendency toward drug use and deviancy in general.
Peer groups form the last primary socialization group, and have the greatest impact on those alienated from the first two groups. These groups may be formed on the basis of, among other things, ethnicity or activity – including drug use. An individual’s choice of peer group has been shown to correlate with their risk of drug use/abuse (Oetting and Donnermeyer, 1998).
Primary socialization theory thus provides a powerful tool in analyzing the sources of risk for subtance abuse. It integrates many other theories, and thus it’s applicability is extremely wide. In terms of policy implications, it points to the importance of maintaining social ties between family, school and adolescents. Moreover, it can reveal certain alienating aspects of punishment as counterproductive in the school’s role as transmitter of prosocial norms. Finally, it suggests that a certain emphasis in creating social bonding among recovering addicts is uniquely important in successfully treating addiction.
As an overall theme, there are two components to all of these instances. First, there must be a strong social bond of a very unique sort. It is one among people who draw upon each other when making normative judgements intimate to their lives, or more specifically, the course of action with respect to drugs. Identification with this group with respect to the judgement at hand is essential for the adoption of similar norms. The second component is that these bonds must become used to transmit that normative information. Strong bonds do not prevent drug use if that identity does not in some way involve a consideration of drug use as deviant.
Finally, the limitations of this theory must also be considered. That is, in some cases, drug use stems from a perception that all social bonds have been severed. Thus the behavior is not learned from an intimate peer group, but from the environment in general. In this case, the old-fashioned analysis of stress relief has more effect, and the prescription for treatment may differ
Oetting, E.R. and Donnermeyer, J.F. Primary Socialization Theory: The Etiology of Drug Use and Deviance. I. Substance Use and Misuse 33 (4): 995-1026 (1991)
Другие работы по теме:
Color Theory Essay Research Paper Color TheoryColor
Color Theory Essay, Research Paper Color Theory Color theory encompasses a multitude of definitions, concepts and design applications. All the information would fill several encyclopedias. As an introduction, here are a few basic concepts.
Batteries Essay Research Paper BatteriesSince my project
Batteries Essay, Research Paper BatteriesSince my project is mainly about batteries, I decided toresearch the topic “battery.” Here is the research that I discovered. The first person ever to use the battery was Alessandro Volta.He was an Italian professor who devised the first battery in the1800’s. He created this device to provide steady electric currentfor study and practical use.
Alfred Wegener Essay Research Paper Alfred Wegener
Alfred Wegener Essay, Research Paper Alfred Wegener was an explorer and meteorologist, born in Berlin, who first came up with the “Continental Drift Theory” or the “Wegener Theory.” This theory stated that all of the continents came from one super continent, also known as Pangea, which spread apart gradually moving into their current positions on Earth.
What Is Ms Essay Research Paper What
What Is Ms? Essay, Research Paper What is MS? I chose the topic of MS because three years ago my mother was diagnosed with this disease. Not a lot of people know very much about MS. MS stands for multiple sclerosis. It is a very disabling disease that I have learned a lot about over the past few years.
Piccaso Essay Research Paper Early Works Picasso
Piccaso Essay, Research Paper Early Works Picasso was recognized as an artistic prodigy at an early age. These works illustrate his technical capability at that stage of his career. However, he was not satisfied with the limited possibilities in such a traditional mode of representation. His constant, incessant striving for new means of expression is the primary lesson of Picasso’s art.
Self Esteem Essay Research Paper I compare
Self Esteem Essay, Research Paper I compare my face to the most beautiful girl in the school. I compare my personality to the sweetest girl in the school. I compare my socialization rate to the most popular girl in the school.
In 1969 The Plane Came Back Essay
, Research Paper In Kathryn L. Scott?s paper ?In 1969 The Plane Came Back? she addresses the issue of the affect of the Vietnam war on those who served in it.
Eutrophication Essay Research Paper Eutrophication is the
Eutrophication Essay, Research Paper Eutrophication is the over growth of algae in water ecosystems where nutrients are usually limiting. Many fresh water systems are ‘oligotrophic’, meaning that the growth of primary producers (algae) is limited not by dissolved gas or light, but by nutrients such as nitrates and minerals.
Compare And Contrast What The Word Form
Means In P Essay, Research Paper In Greek, the word eidos, that is commonly translated to the words form, archetype, essence, and idea is the basis of Plato s theories expressed in this paper. This question of what is the difference between the meaning of Plato s idea of what the word form as compared to what Aristotle thought the word form means is like comparing a biologist to Mathematician.
John Dewey Essay Research Paper In every
John Dewey Essay, Research Paper In every human cultural society, there is always someone who has the guts to stand up and make a difference in the world. These people are often criticized for there work, but often prevail though it. Just as Christopher Columbus had done in the 1400?s, He proclaimed that the world is round, not flat, and was looked at like a nut.
Anaximander Essay Research Paper Anaximander was a
Anaximander Essay, Research Paper Anaximander was a Greek philosopher of Miletus, born 611 BCE., and hence a younger contemporary of Thales and Pherecydes. He lived at the court of Polycrates of Samos, and died 547. He wrote a prose work in the Ionic dialect of which on fragment survives. Anaximander thought it unnecessary to fix upon air, water, or fire as the original and primary form of body.
Economics And Location Essay Research Paper There
Economics And Location Essay, Research Paper There are several factors that influence the growth and distribution of a particular regions primary industries. These primary industries, are necessary for an
THE HOUSE OF THE SPIRITS Essay Research
Paper In England, the education system is slightly different to the one used in France. Children usually begin nusery school when they are between three to four years old. Here they part take in various activities such as painting, playing with toys and reading simple story books. They also learn how to communicate to each other.
Bc Speech Assignment Essay Research Paper Research
Bc Speech Assignment Essay, Research Paper Research Assignment #4 Your fourth speech is a research-based persuasive speech. Since your primary goal will be to convince your audience to take a specific action your research burden is higher. Your research is due via email on the date listed on your course schedule.
The Differences Between Aegean And Egyptian Art
Essay, Research Paper The differences between Aegean and Egyptian Art The primary difference between Egyptian and Aegean art is that statutory and other forms of arts became more descriptive of the human form in the Aegean Art. The paintings of people stood on a flat base rather than in a naturalistic space.
Election 1984 Essay Research Paper Thank you
Election 1984 Essay, Research Paper Thank you Let’s take a look back at the presidential election of 1984. The primary candidates in this election were Ronald Reagan for Republican, and Walter Mondale for Democratic.
Ericsons Theory Essay Research Paper Erik H
Ericsons Theory Essay, Research Paper Erik H. Erikson, just like many others, had a theory of socialization process. In his theory during a human’s life they will meet main challenges during eight points in their life.
Drugs And AIDS Essay Research Paper Hopkins
Drugs And AIDS Essay, Research Paper Hopkins University. In the U.S gay men still make up the primary risk group,although 750,000 to 1 milliondrug addicts are believed to be at risk to AIDS nationally. The problem here is thesharing of needles, which is causing the spread of AIDS. IV drug abusers arekilling our nation at an amazingly fast speed.
Tool Essay Research Paper ESSAY OUTLINE FORMMain
Tool Essay, Research Paper ESSAY OUTLINE FORM Main (Controlling) Idea of the essay: Three main points of argument (1)(2)(3) INTRODUCTION: [Introduction should start on a general level with lead-in statements and gradually focus in on the specific topic of the essay. In the introduction, the reader should find the main idea of the essay expressed in the thesis sentence.
Crime And Resources Essay Research Paper Crime
Crime And Resources Essay, Research Paper Crime in the United States (CIUS), published annually by the FBI, is a compilation of the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) provided by over 16,000 policing jurisdictions. It represents one of the two primary sources of data about crime in the United States, the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) being the other.
Bad Or Good Essay Research Paper Bad
Bad Or Good Essay, Research Paper Bad or Good We live in a world in which our primary food is the information. We perceive the outside world through images, and each image has an echo in our
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Essay Research Paper Ch 1
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Essay, Research Paper Ch. 1 introduction: sustainability, stewardship, sound science A. The global environmental picture – population growth, degradation of soils, global atmospheric changes, loss of biodiversity
Jealousy In Gender Essay Research Paper The
Jealousy In Gender Essay, Research Paper The Influence of Jealousy in Men and Women in response to Infidelity Jealousy can be defined as ‘ a fear and rage reaction fitted to protect, maintain, and
Hydrogen Essay Research Paper Wild Bill
Hydrogen Essay, Research Paper Wild Bill’s Wild Bohr Quiz Niels Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom, was the primary reason for the understanding of energy levels.
Modernization Vs Dependency Essay Research Paper MODERNIZATION
Modernization Vs. Dependency Essay, Research Paper MODERNIZATION VS. DEPENDENCY The modernization perspective is behavioral or microsociological the primary focus is on individuals or aggregates of individuals, their values, attitudes, and beliefs. The dependency perspective, by contrast, is structural or macrosociological its focus is on the mode of production, patterns of international trade, political and economic linkages between elites in peripheral and central countries, group and class alliances and conflicts, and so on. (Valenzuela & Valenzuela, 1978)
Political Socialization Essay Research Paper Political SocializationA
Political Socialization Essay, Research Paper Political Socialization A person is fed information throughout their life from various outside influences, this is how one forms values, views and opinions, and from this, one shapes their political views based on what they believe or have been taught to believe.
I Choose Thus Project Because When Watching
Television Both Name Brand Essay, Research Paper batteries claim to be the best. I wanted to see which one actually did last the longest. The Encyclopedia?s I did my research in say a battery is a device which
Naval Warships Essay Research Paper The Navy
Naval Warships Essay, Research Paper The Navy in World War I Prior to World War I, the U.S. Navy was not a prominent factor in the foreign economy. However, it was World War I that brought about the true potential power of the U.S. Navy. After World War I, the U.S. Navy became a prominent instrument in the foreign policy of the world.
Market Research Essay Research Paper Before I
Market Research Essay, Research Paper Before I started to manufacture my products I had to find out if there was a market for it. This is called market research. Like any other business I had to decide what market research methods are most likely to give me the information I need.
Genders Essay Research Paper The early childhood
Genders Essay, Research Paper The early childhood socialization plays a major role in a person’s life. Socialization is best described as “a process by which a society’s values and norms, including those pertaining to gender is taught and learned”. This is perhaps the first thing that a child goes thought.