Charles Darwin: Evolution Essay, Research Paper
Charles Darwin proposed the theory of evolution to explain the origin,
diversity and complexity of life. I will will disprove evolution by
showing that natural selection only explains small evolutionary changes,
collectively known as microevolution. Natural selection cannot drive
large evolutionary changes, macroevolution. I will also show that the
primordial soup, in which life supposedly evolved, did not exist.
Neo-Darwinism incorporates the discoveries of modern science into
Darwin’s original theory while leaving the basic beliefs intact. Darwin
proposed that individuals with favorable traits are more likely to
survive and reproduce. Darwin called this process natural selection.
Darwin did not understand how or why variation existed. Today scientists
realize that variation arises through random changes (called mutations)
to existing genes. Genes are the chemicals that determine the traits and
characteristics of animals and plants. Every trait has one or more gene
associated with it. Thus, natural selection provides the animals and
plants with the best genes. Supporters of neo-Darwinism believe that
natural selection operating upon random variation gave rise rise to all
animals and plants. While the source of variation is random, the
direction of evolution is not. In effect, natural selection removes
chance, and it makes the theory of evolution plausible. If neo-Darwinism
is correct then numerous small successive changes guided by natural
selection gave rise to all animals and plants.
I will prove that natural selection is not a creative process. Its
primary function is to preserve the status quo. Thus, new structures and
organs must arise through chance. Natural selection can only preserve
and optimize these new structures and organs after they evolve through
chance. In other words, natural selection does not drive evolution, and
the hypothesis on which neo-Darwinism is based is flawed.
Natural selection drives microevolution. Microevolution is defined as
evolution involving small changes. Microevolution does not require the
evolution of new structures or organs, Therefore, microevolution does
not involve the creation of new genes.
Changes to existing genes (mutations) result in variation. Natural
selection acts on this variation and preserves the best. So while the
variation may be random, the process of microevolution is not.
Natural selection preserves favorable variations at the expense of less
favorable variations. This process optimizes existing genes.
Natural selection forces animals and plants to adapt. Microevolution
happens, and it has been observed in numerous scientific experiments.
The real question is not whether or not microevolution happens. It does,
but can microevolution be extended to explain large evolutionary
changes? Such changes require new genes.
Natural selection only optimizes existing genes: If a gene does not
exist, it cannot provide a selective advantage. Natural selection only
operates on existing genes.
When an existing gene tries to evolve into a new gene, the evolving gene
must provide some selective advantage, before natural selection can
drive the transition. (The declaration of many evolutionists that
natural selection drives the transition every step of the way, implies
that the evolving gene must perform its new function before it evolves
into the new gene. This is like saying a bird with no wings can fly.)
Random chance not natural selection is responsible for the evolution of
new genes. Until an evolving gene offers some competitive advantage,
natural selection is out of the picture.
If evolution is not a viable theory, then why is it generally accepted
by modern science and why is it often taught as a proven fact in high
school and college?
To answer this question, let us take a trip back in time to the late
1800’s. Darwin observed birds on the Galapagos islands over 100 years
ago, and the variation that he saw led him to the theory of evolution.
What
exactly did Darwin propose, and why was it accepted by scientists?
Darwin’s theory is outlined below:
1) Variation exists within members of the same species.
2) Variation can be inherited. That is parents pass on their traits to
their offsprinG.
3) In nature, animals struggle to survive.
4) Natural selection is a direct consequence of the first three
observations. Darwin proposed that individuals with favorable traits are
more likely to survive and reproduce. In other words, nature selects
life with favorable characteristics and preserves it.
5) Darwin documented the small changes that can occur from one
generation to the next. He then proposed that through numerous,
successive, slight modifications, driven by natural selection, the
descendants of simple animals evolved into complex animals.
The first four observations are correct. The last one is flawed.
Darwin observed and documented examples of small evolutionary changes
(microevolution) and used these to explain large evolutionary changes
(macroevolution). While this was poor judgement on his part, the idea
has caught on. Modern science routinely sites examples of microevolution
as proof that macroevolution is possible.
A good example of extending microevolution to explain macroevolution is
the peppered moth. So what is a peppered moth? This moth lives in
England and it can either be black or speckled gray. During the
industrial revolution, the trees that the moth is rested on during the
day changed from lichen covered gray to soot colored black. The
population of gray moths which dominated before the industrial
revolution decreased as the population of the black moths increased. The
cause of this change was linked to predation by birds. Before the
revolution, the grey moths had a selective advantage because they
blended in with the grey lichen. Birds had a difficult time seeing these
moths.
After the revolution, the black moths had a selective advantage, because
the trees were now black. This is a great example of microevolution. But
can this experiment be extended to prove that macroevolution is
possible? No. The moth’s color variation is not an example of a new gene
evolving. It is an example of an existing gene being optimized in
response to a changing habitat. Darwin’s last observation should read
something like this:
5) … through numerous, successive, slight modifications, driven by
natural selection, the descendants of animals continually adapt.
Through these adaptions lifE is optimized. These adaptions maximize
variation and can bring about significant change. Unfortunately, since
scientific experiments can not test macroevolution, there is no direct
evidence to suggest that the processes behind
microevolution can also bring about the evolution of new structures or
genes. In other words, microevolution should not be extended to support
macroevolution.
While punctuated equilibria may save evolution from the fossil record,
it cannot save the theory from the more serious flaws. For example, the
success of evolution is based entirely upon the ability of scientists to
use microevolution to justify macroevolution.
What is the difference between microevolution and macroevolution?
Microevolution does not require new structures or organs. Macroevolution
does. This implies that microevolution does not create new genes whereas
macroevolution requires new genes.
Two things should be clear from the examples offered above:
1.) Microevolution can bring about very large changes.
2). It is easy to make the same mistake that Darwin made. That is
microevolution can accomplish a lot, so why not use it to explain
macroevolution?
For these reasons explained above, how can any person with a sound mind
still believe in the outlandish fairytale that is called evolution?
Другие работы по теме:
The Cave Essay Research Paper Notes on
The Cave Essay, Research Paper Notes on ?The Cave? author- Jean McCord George- Bum who lived in a cave and made statues Charles- Main char. Charles was running when he saw a cave. He stopped and
The Selfish Gene Essay Research Paper Creationism
The Selfish Gene Essay, Research Paper Creationism is a Bible based view of human origin that states humans were created in their current form and have not changed, or evolved, throughout the years. However the belief that our species has changed over time to suit our environment is considered evolution.
Darwin Essay Research Paper Darwin
Darwin Essay, Research Paper Darwin’s theories and beliefs of his time caused a huge uproar among masses of people who knew of them. Even his scientist colleagues did not like the way some of his theories contradict beliefs in the Bible. One of the major theories that started it all was that of Natural Selection.
Civil War Essay Research Paper Charles is
Civil War Essay, Research Paper Charles is the main character from ?If It Comes Back?. He is a guy who hangs around a park. Charles is needy, dense, and obsessive. When he meets Amy, a crippled young woman in a wheelchair, these characteristics become more obvious.
Tale Of Two Cities Comparison Of Charles
And Sydney Essay, Research Paper Charles and Sydney Charles Darnay and Sydney Carton, two charachters in A Tale of Two Cities, have a few similarities and a few differences. One for example
Charles Inglis Essay Research Paper Charles Inglis
Charles Inglis Essay, Research Paper Charles Inglis was born in Donegal, Ireland in 1734. As an Anglican clergyman and a Loyalist, he came to America. He became a teacher and then was ordained to London, England in 1758. He returned though to America in 1759 to be a missionary in Dover, Delaware until 1765.
Charles Richard Drew Essay Research Paper Charles
Charles Richard Drew Essay, Research Paper Charles Richard Drew Charles Richard Drew was born in Washington DC on June 3, 1904 to Charles and Nora Drew. Charles was a carpet layer and Nora was a schoolteacher. Charles was the first of five children. Growing up, Charles was a superior student maintaining nearly perfect grades throughout high school.
Charles Darwin Essay Research Paper Charles DarwinOne
Charles Darwin Essay, Research Paper Charles Darwin One of the most famous names in science and in the economy today, is Charles Darwin. Darwin is best known for his contributions in science; his famous theory of evolution. He also contributed to the market and command economy with his belief, “survival of the fittest.”
Charles Darwin Essay Research Paper Worms tortoises
Charles Darwin Essay, Research Paper Worms, tortoises, ostriches, and flies; what do these things have in common? They are all part of Charles Darwin s theories. Darwin spent five years aboard the HMS Beagle studying animal and plant life all over the world. This time, plus the many subsequent years he spent conversing with experts in various fields, led him to write The Origin of Species , often called the book that shook the world .
Darwin And Science Essay Research Paper Charles
Darwin And Science Essay, Research Paper Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882) was a British Scientist. He laid the foundation of modern evolutionary theory with his concept of the development of all forms of life through the slow-working process of natural selection. His work had a lot of influence on the life and earth sciences and on modern thought in general.
Much Better Than The Other Darwin Paper
Essay, Research Paper When Charles Darwin released his findings on Natural Selection in 1858, he did not do so in a vacuum. Many factors contributed to the formulation of his theories, and many popular misconceptions contradicted his conclusions to the point that he was reluctant to publish them for sixteen years.
Charles Darwin His Life Story Of Dicovery
Essay, Research Paper Charles Darwin: His Life Story of Dicovery Andy Zerzan Biology Mr Herron 1st Hour Extra Credit 10/95 “The Catholic church has absolutely no view on ‘Darwin’s Theory of Evolution’
Charles Darwin 2 Essay Research Paper Charles
Charles Darwin 2 Essay, Research Paper Charles Robert Darwin In 1859 when Charles Darwin published his book “The Origin of Species”, it caused much controversy between the scientific and religious worlds. It caused many people to question their belief in the teaching of the Bible. The strongly held belief that the Bible was the literal truth clashed with the Darwin theory.
Summary Of Origin Of Life Essay Research
Paper While it is key to the study of evolution to develop a theory to explain how species can change over time, it must also be supported by evidence from the scientific study of the natural world. One of the difficulties faced by many theories, such as Lamarck s, was a lack of such evidence. Even Darwin’s theory, which is the most widely accepted today, had to be proved with scientific advances and fossil evidence in the scientific community.
Charles Darwin Essay Research Paper Charles Darwin 2
Charles Darwin Essay, Research Paper Charles Darwin, a 19th century biologist believed in a theory of survival of the fittest. The theory of Darwinism says that whoever is best fit for their surroundings will survive. This theory was used to explain how animals came about and survive and brought about the theory of evolution.
Charles Darwin And The Theory Of Evolution
Essay, Research Paper Hugh Membrino Biology Charles Darwin Report Chareles Darwin and the Theory of Evolution Charles Darwin lived from 1809-1882, although Darwin has been dead for more than a
Charles Darwin Essay Research Paper Charles Darwin
Charles Darwin Essay, Research Paper Charles Darwin Like many students, Charles Darwin was only intrested in topics that was intresting to him and although his father was a doctor, Darwin was very unintrested in medicine and he also couldnt stand the sight of surgery. He did eventually get a degree in Theology from Cambridge University, Although Theology was a minor intrest to him.
Darwin Research Essay Research Paper Darwin was
Darwin Research Essay, Research Paper Darwin was born in Shrewsbury, Shropshire. He was the son of Robert Waring Darwin and his wife Susannah; and the grandson of the scientist Erasmus Darwin, and
Influences In Darwin
’s Thinking Essay, Research Paper Thomas Malthus and Charles Lyell were two figures who influenced Darwin’s theories. Malthus was an influence through his book on the population principle. Darwin had a
Darwin 2 Essay Research Paper Natural SelectionCharles
Darwin 2 Essay, Research Paper Natural Selection Charles Darwin came up with the theory of evolution to explain the diversity, complexity, and origin of life. According to Darwin evolution takes place via Natural selection. Natural selection can explain diversity with in species, but I have yet to see anything that could make me believe that natural selection can create new species, or the origin of life.
Charles Darwin Essay Research Paper Charles DarwinBy
Charles Darwin Essay, Research Paper Charles Darwin By: Melissa Paul Charles Robert Darwin, as he was known in full, brought many interesting ideas to the world of science. He was credited for developing the evolutionary theory by natural selection and also for discovering a species of frog while in South America.
Anthropology Essay Research Paper AnthropologyMuch better than
Anthropology Essay, Research Paper Anthropology: Much better than the other Darwin paper July 20, 1998 ——————————————————————————– When Charles Darwin released his findings on Natural Selection in 1858, he did not do so in a vacuum. Many factors contributed to the formulation of his theories, and many popular misconceptions contradicted his conclusions to the point that he was reluctant to publish them for sixteen years.
Social Darwinism Essay Research Paper In the
Social Darwinism Essay, Research Paper In the late 19th Century a term called Social Darwinism was established to describe the idea that humans, like plants and animals, compete in a struggle for existence. Social Darwinists base their beliefs on theories of evolution developed by British scientist and naturalist Charles Darwin.
Is Evolution A Fact Or A Theory
? Essay, Research Paper Is Evolution a Fact or a Theory? Both. In Darwin’s day, and before, many naturalists theorized that living things were somehow related in a manner beyond that of their obvious common differences from non-living matter. These speculations, including those of Darwin, are appropriately termed theories: speculations about nature that were informed by observation and subject to test by additional observations.
Darwins Theory On Evolution Essay Research Paper
Discuss Evolution Theory according to Darwin In 1838, Charles Darwin put together his Theory on Evolution. Darwin tried to prove his theory that man was the center of the world and not God. He believed that evolution was gradual on both humans and on organisms. Darwin believed in something called natural selection; meaning genes are to be passed on from one generation to the next.
Social Darwinism Essay Research Paper Social DarwinismSocial
Social Darwinism Essay, Research Paper Social Darwinism Social Darwinism was a late nineteenth-century social theory that was based on the theories of evolution of scientist Charles Darwin. The ideas and behind Social Darwinism came directly from his theories of evolution and, ?survival of the fittest.? The theory was used to explain how the economic growth of America was coming along.
On The Theory Of Evolution Essay Research
Paper On the Theory of EvolutionWhether it is Lamarck+s theory that evolution is driven by an innate tendency towards greater complexity, Darwin+s theory of natural selection, or the belief that the evolution of plant and animal life is controlled by a higher being, the process of evolution cannot be denied.
Inherit The Wind Essay Research Paper In
Inherit The Wind Essay, Research Paper In our Consititution, citizens have many righhts, but do we have the right to think? In the play Inherit the Wind by Jerome Lawrence adn Robert Lee, a man is on trial for teaching his students about the theory of evolution. Drummond, the lawyer for this man, said “With all respect to the bench, I hold that the right to think is very much on trial.”