Paper
When discussing the new science of politics laid out in the Federalist papers, it is imperative to understand that proponents of the Constitution had various reasons for writing these papers, not the least of which was convincing critics that a strong central government that would not oppress but actually protect individual freedoms as well as encouraging the state of New York to agree to ratify the Constitution.
The Federalists had a genuine belief that a strong central government was essential to the protection of what they saw as God given rights and freedoms, as well as protection from abuse from the states concerning these freedoms. The founders embodied three key concepts into the Constitution that would serve as the framework and engine for delivering the ideals of liberalism (the idea of natural rights, liberty, equality, consent of the governed, and the idea of limited government), to the American people under a union of the states: the idea of separation of powers, individual rights, and federalism.
“This inquiry will naturally divide itself into three branches- the objects to be provided for by a federal government, the quantity of power necessary to the accomplishment of those objects, the persons whom that power ought to operate,” writes Alexander Hamilton in the Federalist #23 in reference to the separation of powers. The basic concept here is the idea of the federal government being divided into three separate branches that would balance excessive democracy through a system of checks on each other. The three branches, respectively known as the legislature (Article I), the executive (Article II), and the judiciary (Article III), were designed to entice the opponents of the Constitution to ease the threat of misuse of power by strong central government.
The first ten amendments to the Constitution, also known as the Bill of Rights, was designed to protect individual rights of the people. Articles 1-8 describe the limits on all three branches of government, and articles 9 & 10 describe the limits on the national government. This again was to serve, as further proof of the founder’s intent to limit the possibility of an oppressive central government.
The third concept, federalism, is the relationship of power between the states and federal government. The fundamental argument was where the power would lie between them. The states were always very concerned that the central government would pose a threat to their way of life, particularly the large states in regard to representation in the legislature, which was the most powerful of the three branches.
The text states that, “emphasis on government programs in the early years of democracy revolved around assistance, promotion and encouragement- the allocation of land or capital where they were insufficiently available for economic development”. The results of ratification left the federal government with only a small amount of power which included the sponsorship of supplying the public goods, encouraging the settlement of western land, raising and maintaining a nation army, regulation of tariffs on imported goods, and regulation of currency. Almost no coercion on the part of the national government directly affected the colonists.
Essential to the framework of the Constitution was the idea of dual federalism, which dictated that both the states and the federal government had dual sovereignty under the Constitution. In fact, the states ended up with a considerable amount of power retained after ratification.
The idea of an extended commercial republic was one in which the power and freedoms would be extended to the people under a federal system. The commercial republic was the people under a representative democracy. Under the states before ratification, the people were subject to the will of the states, with no recourse. For example, before Article IV, which describes the full faith & credit and privileges and immunities clauses, the laws varied from state to state with no limits on the ways states chose to determine consequences and rights for the people. The concept of an extended republicanism was to create a “higher” law of the land, which would provide union and consistency between the colonies, as well as encourage a free marketplace of ideas.
The exchanging of ideas in a free system allowed the republic, whom the founders knew were motivated by self interest first, to feel that all who entered the political arena would have a shot at presenting ideas that would become a representation of the national self interest. The framers sought this extended commercial republicanism within the union and the Federalists continued to strongly
support a Constitution of this design that created factions of ideas that would protect the nation from the spector of excessive democracy, as well as abuse of power.
Madison felt that this idea of extended commercial republicanism served as a second safety net to the protection of the rights of individuals. Madison states in the text that, “The power
surrendered by the people are first divided between two distinct and separate governments (federal and state), and then the portion allotted to each subdivided among distinct and separate departments (the legislative,
executive and judicial branches). Hence a double security arises to the rights of the people, The different governments will control each other, at the same time that each will be controlled by itself.”
In the framers view, the protection of individual liberties as well as the expression of self interest were of the highest importance when creating the Constitution and a new system of government. The idea of separation of powers along with checks and balances, coupled with an encouraged environment of expression eventually led to the ratification of the Constitution with a Bill of Rights in 1791 and the birth of dual federalism.
Although today in the twenty -first century we have more of a regulated federalism, the basic concepts of protection of individual rights along with free expression of ideas is still at the core of our current political philosophy. The founders intentions, primarily fueled by the Federalists, sought to create a national system under which the new area of democracy would thrive in the shadow of what they perceived to be an oppressive past with mother England.
Другие работы по теме:
What Is Science Essay Research Paper What
What Is Science Essay, Research Paper What is Science? Several dictionary definitions of science in Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary define science as a system of knowledge about a specific topic. The systems come from systematic, or precise, observations of natural events; a random example would be the study of the movement of a caterpillar.
Locke And Newton Essay Research Paper Locke
Locke And Newton Essay, Research Paper Locke and Newton The scientific revolution was used to describe a change in intellectual thought during the 16th and 17th centuries. This change formed the dividing line between the medieval world and the early modern world. Science basically became invented during this revolution.
Science And War Essay Research Paper Schopenhauer
Science And War Essay, Research Paper Schopenhauer had an understanding of the Will, which has to separate parts. The Will to Life and Human Will. The Will to Life, was the over all striving that
Apply The Budget Surplus To Science Essay
, Research Paper For years, everyone has opined on what to do with the budget surplus: fund new educational programs, cut taxes, and so on. Science needs the money. In some technologies, we are beginning to fall behind other countries. We must not allow this to happen. Everyone reaps the benefits of science; increasing funding for research programs would only enhance these benefits.
Chartist Women Essay Research Paper In the
Chartist Women Essay, Research Paper In the beginning of Anna Clark’s essay, “Manhood, Womanhood, and the Politics of Class in Britain, 1790-1845,” she describes to the reader how the British political system was set up before the Chartists were formed. The upper and middle-classes were the groups with the political authority and the working-class and peasants had nothing politically.
Gsbgsn Essay Research Paper Search Terms are
Gsbgsn Essay, Research Paper Search Terms are the things that you enter into the search form that tell the search engine what things to look for in the papers at this site. The search engine immediately breaks the terms up into individual words and find all papers that have each word in them (a Boolean OR or NOT search would work differently).
Chaos Making A New Science Essay Research
Paper Chaos: Making A New Science Chaos by James Gleick presents to its readers the idea of a new science. Gleick shows this new science as a deviation of old conventional science; which gives rise to new ideas and new ways to look at old problems. In order to make his point; Gleick traces the lives of many different scientists throughout history.
Multi Strand Science Essay Research Paper NAME
Multi Strand Science Essay, Research Paper NAME: DUE DATE: YEAR 12 MULTI-STRAND SCIENCE Choose ONE of the following local industries and prepare a resource management case study for that industry.
Poetry Essay Research Paper If one term
Poetry Essay, Research Paper If one term can be used to describe the forces that have shaped the modern world, it is Romanticism. So potent has Romanticism been since the late 18th century that one author has called it “the profoundest cultural transformation in human history since the invention of the city.” Romanticism was not a movement; it was a series of movements that had dynamic impacts on art, literature, science, religion, economics, politics, and the individual’s understanding of self.
ExpirementHuman Research Essay Research Paper Experiment
Expirement-Human Research Essay, Research Paper Experiment: Figure Voting ration from Gore to Bush (Al Gore to George W. Bush) First step is to watch or read something of politics having to do with the Presidential Elections. Than send out QUESTIONAIRES to RESPONDENTS to do some UNSTRUCTED INTERVIEWS on a possible 5 minute INTERVIEW.
Women In Politics Essay Research Paper During
Women In Politics Essay, Research Paper During the revolutionary era, American leaders decided to use economic boycotts in their struggle against Britain. The goal of these boycotts was to stop the purchase of imported goods
Scopes Monkey Trail Essay Research Paper A
Scopes Monkey Trail Essay, Research Paper A group of scientists got together and decided that mankind had come a long way and no longer needed God. They picked one scientist to go and tell Him that they no longer needed Him. The scientist walked up to God and said, “God, we’ve decided that we no longer need you.
Importance Of Education Essay Research Paper When
Importance Of Education Essay, Research Paper When discussing the issue of stressing the importance of mathematics, science, and communication in the workplace, we must first talk about education. Education begins at birth with the initiation of the young into the knowledge, skills and values of their society.
Third Eye Blind Essay Research Paper Dr
Third Eye Blind Essay, Research Paper Dr. Ernest Everett Just, was born in 1883 and he died in 1941. He spent most of his life trying to understand the mystery of biology, being a biologist himself. He has many contributions to the branches of science, for instance the facts about fertilization and pointed the way toward a better knowledge of the way all cells work.
This Is One Of Them Essay Research
Paper … Art And Music (33) Free essays on art, music, dance and more Biographies (152) Free essays on famous historical figures Creative Writing (100) new
Libraries Essay Research Paper 1 The names
Libraries Essay, Research Paper 1. The names of two other libraries on the campus are the new Science Library and the Gov. Thomas E. Dewy Graduate Library for Public Affairs and Policy.
Philosophy Of Science Essay Research Paper When
Philosophy Of Science Essay, Research Paper When I was a young student I never thought of science as being significant enough to have a personal philosophy on the subject. However as a future teacher I have realized that it is a subject of great importance which needs to be contemplated. When I began to think about what science is, I realized that science is in our everyday lives and all around us.
Politics 2
Politics – Influences By The Enlightenment Essay, Research Paper Shaping Politics an enlightenment essay We may see politics as something that was simply there for us to use, but we, the United States of America, had to concoct our very own form of government – a government that reflected what we wanted. But what did we want? What influences were had on our political system and our declaration of independence? Prepare yourself, because we are going to delve into a world of intrigue and splendor, a world where the fun just doesn t seem to stop.
The Ancient City Essay Research Paper The
The Ancient City Essay, Research Paper The Ancient City Pompeii How democratic was Pompeian politics? In order to answer the above question, it is first necessary to consider the exact meaning of the term democracy . Whilst it is difficult to give an exact definition of the word, it is certainly possible to create a list of the implications of democratic government for a society and its citizens.
The Philosophes Essay Research Paper The PhilosophesThe
The Philosophes Essay, Research Paper The Philosophes The Age of Enlightenment was the result of the actions that had taken place by intellectuals who gave new thought to the ideas of politics, economics, religion, and the
Religion Vs Astronomy Essay Research Paper Religion
Religion Vs Astronomy Essay, Research Paper Religion and science have always been in direct competition with one another. The ultimate goal of science is to prove the inexistence of God with facts, while the existence in God is simply based on belief and faith. While 95% of the people living on Earth believe in a superior being of some sort, some might say that religion clouds the minds of otherwise logical individuals and makes it impossible for them to pursue the truth of the Universe.
Opinion II Essay Research Paper Choose one
Opinion II Essay, Research Paper Choose one of these that you believe to be the most important function of art criticism. Using the function as your guide, write a short critical essay of the work titled Global Groove by Nam June Paik.?Offer insight into the relationships between art and life, and science, economics, politics, religion, ethic, etc? is believed to be the most important function of art criticism.
Miller Spring Essay Essay Research Paper Miller
Miller Spring Essay Essay, Research Paper Miller Springs Essay My science class and I went to Miller Springs to learn about sediments and nature a few days ago. The good and bad sides of the trip I will explain below.
Writing Techniques Essay Research Paper Writing TechniquesAfter
Writing Techniques Essay, Research Paper Writing Techniques After reading Katha Pollitt?s essay ?It Takes Two: A Modest Proposal for Holding Fathers Equally Accountable? and Patricia Mainardi?s essay ?The Politics of Housework?, several writing techniques become apparent in both essays.
Are Science And Religion Compatible Essay Research
Paper The relationship between Science and Religion can be explained from two distinct points of view. Some would argue that scientific explanations are the only means of explaining our existence, while others would argue that religion and the story of creation found in Genesis I and II provide a sufficient account of the worlds conception.
Politics In China In 1900
′S Essay, Research Paper POLITICS IN CHINA IN EARLY 1900′S The politics in China varies to republic and nationalism and communism. First of all, there is Republican China which evolved very
Government Essay Research Paper 2 We know
Government Essay, Research Paper 2. We know that the fundamental difference between ancient political science and modern political science has to do with the relationship of the individual to the state. For Aristotle, a person was an inherently political animal. For modern political philosophers (social contract theorists), individual rights existed prior to the formation of government.
Magic Vs Science Essay Research Paper Magic
Magic Vs. Science Essay, Research Paper Magic vs. Science What is magic and science? These two subjects have been around for several hundred years and many controversies have come about when the
Religion And Science Essay Research Paper Religion
Religion And Science Essay, Research Paper Religion and Science Is Science and Religion really such an adversary? I believe that it is a very touchy subject, in which it can go either way. Some people may claim that science and religion are two very similar subjects, while other may view it as two very different subjects of life.
Volcanoes Essay Research Paper My Report is
Volcanoes Essay, Research Paper My Report is on Volcanoes. For a starter, I have a lay out of the plan for my report. Also I would like to follow a volcano in it’s path. Right now here is part of my report.