Prostate Cancer Essay, Research Paper
Moiz Bhinderwala
Class A, Mr. Haight
What is cancer of the prostate?
Cancer of the prostate, a common form of cancer, is a disease in which cancer (malignant) cells are found in the prostate. The prostate is one of the male sex glands and is located just below the bladder and in front of the rectum. The prostate is about the size of a walnut. It surrounds part of the urethra, the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. The prostate makes fluid that becomes part of the semen, the white fluid that contains sperm. Cancer of the prostate is found mainly in older men. As you get older, your prostate may get bigger and block the urethra or bladder, which can cause you to have difficulty urinating or may interfere with sexual functions. This condition is called benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and although it is not cancer, you may need surgery to correct it. The symptoms of BPH or of other problems in the prostate may be similar to symptoms for prostate cancer. Following are common symptoms of prostate cancer: weak or interrupted flow of urine, urinating often (especially at night), difficulty urinating, pain or burning when you urinate, blood in the urine, or nagging pain in the back, hips, or pelvis. Often there are no symptoms of early cancer of the prostate.
{Samuel R. Denmeade, American Association for Cancer Research}
Stage Explanation: {Judd W. Moul, Monographs in Urology 1995}
- Stages of cancer of the prostate:
Once cancer of the prostate has been found (diagnosed), tests can be done to find out if cancer cells have spread from the prostate to tissues around it or to other parts of the body. This is called “staging.” It is very important to know the stage of the disease to plan treatment.
The following stages are used for cancer of the prostate:-
Stage I (A)
Prostate cancer at this stage cannot be felt and causes no symptoms. The cancer is only in the prostate and usually is found accidentally when surgery is done for other reasons, such as for BPH. Cancer cells may be found in only one area of the prostate or they may be found in many areas of the prostate.
Stage II (B)
The tumor may be shown by a blood test or felt in the prostate during a rectalexam, but the cancer cells are found only in the prostate gland.
Stage III (C)
Cancer cells have spread outside the covering (capsule) of the prostate to tissues around the prostate. The glands that produce semen (the seminal vesicles) may have cancer in them.
Stage IV (D)
Cancer cells have spread (metastasized) to lymph nodes (near or far from the prostate) or to organs and tissues far away from the prostate such as the bone, liver, or lungs.
Recurrent
Recurrent disease means that the cancer has come back (recurred) after it has been treated. It may come back in the prostate or in another part of the body. Prostate staging can also be described by using T (tumor size), N (extent of spread to lymph nodes), and M (extent of spread to other parts of the body).
Treatment options for Prostate Cancer
How cancer of the prostate is treated-
Three kinds of treatment are commonly used:
- Surgery (taking out the cancer)
- Radiation therapy (using high-dose x-rays or other high-energy rays to kill cancer cells)
- Hormone therapy (using hormones to stop cancer cells from growing).
Surgery is a common treatment for cancer of the prostate. The cancer may taken out using one of the following operations:
Radical prostatectomy removes the prostate and some of the tissue around it. The may be done surgery by cutting into the space between the scrotum and the anus (the perineum) in an operation called a perineal prostatectomy or by cutting into the lower abdomen in an operation called a retropubic prostatectomy. Radical prostatectomy is done only if the cancer has not spread outside the prostate. Often before the prostatectomy is done, a surgery to take out lymph nodes in the pelvis to see if they contain cancer is done. This is called a pelvic lymph node dissection. If the lymph nodes contain cancer, usually a prostatectomy will not be done. Impotence and leakage of urine from the bladder can occur in men treated with surgery. Transurethral resection cuts cancer from the prostate using a tool with a small wire loop on the end that is put into the prostate through the urethra. This operation is sometimes done to relieve symptoms caused by the tumor before other treatment or in men who cannot have a radical prostatectomy because of age or other illness. Cryosurgery is a type of surgery that kills the cancer by freezing it.
{David C. Smith, Rodney L. Dunn, Myla S. Strawderman, and Kenneth J. Pienta, Journal of Clinical Oncology, May 1998}
Radiation therapy uses high-energy x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external radiationtherapy) or from putting materials that produce radiation (radioisotopes) through thin plastic tubes in the area where the cancer cells are found (internal radiation therapy). Impotence may occur in men treated with radiation therapy.
{Jeffrey M. Kamradt- Advances in Oncology, Jun 1998}
Hormone therapy uses hormones to stop cancer cells from growing. Hormone therapy for prostate cancer can take several forms. Male hormones (especiallytestosterone) can help prostate cancer grow. To stop the cancer from growing, female hormones or drugs that decrease the amount of male hormones made may be given. Sometimes an operation to remove the testicles (orchiectomy) is done to stop the testicles from making testosterone. This treatment is usually used in men with advanced prostate cancer. Growth of breast tissue is a common side effect of therapy with female hormones (estrogens); hot flashes can occur after orchiectomy and other hormone therapies.
{Mark A. Moyad, Cancer Communication Newsletter, Jun 1998}
Другие работы по теме:
What Causes Cancer Essay Research Paper Cancer
What Causes Cancer? Essay, Research Paper Cancer is the number one killer in America today.We can say the known causes of cancer are radiation,sunlight,pollution,cigarette smokingand improper diets.I will explain the major causes of cancer,but before I proceed let me define the term “cancer.”To be defined cancer is an abnormal,uncontrolled growth of cells that can spread beyond their natural boundaries to other parts of the body.Cancers can develop in numerous parts of the body.
Cancer Essay Research Paper CancerHippocrates gave cancer
Cancer Essay, Research Paper Cancer Hippocrates gave cancer ( Greek for crab ) its name because it spread through tissues like the movements of a crab. At first oncogenes, genes with highly specialized functions were said to be the ” cancer genes “. This of course was wrong as oncogenes promote normal cell division and growth as well as the repair and replacement of damaged cells.
Lung Cancer Essay Research Paper An estimated
Lung Cancer Essay, Research Paper An estimated 146,000 Americans died of lung cancer in 1992, and 90 percent of these deaths were caused by cigarette smoking. Smoking is responsible for about30 percent of all cancer deaths annually in the United States more than 155,000 each year. If smoking-related cancers could be eliminated from our society, wewould see a significant decline in the annual cancer death rate instead of small but steady increases.
American Cancer Society Essay Research Paper American
American Cancer Society Essay, Research Paper American Cancer Society Overview The American Cancer Society is the nationwide community-based voluntary health organization dedicated to eliminating cancer as a major health problem by preventing cancer, saving lives, and diminishing suffering from cancer, through research, education, advocacy, and service.
Cancer The Crab Essay Research Paper Cancer
Cancer: The Crab Essay, Research Paper Cancer: The Crab Cancer is a constellation, also known as the crab. You can see the stars that make up cancer during the winter in the eastern
Cancer Essay Research Paper INTRODUCTION
Cancer Essay, Research Paper INTRODUCTION In the American society, cancer is the disease most feared by the majority of people within the U.S. Cancer has been known and described throughout history.
Electromagnetic Waves Essay Research Paper I went
Electromagnetic Waves Essay, Research Paper I went to Hawaii on vacation to get a tan, but I got something else instead. Ultraviolet rays are stronger, and hotter near the equator. When I got home I got x-rays. I was sent for treatment with gamma rays. Wow! What a vacation.
Dna Age Altering Essay Research Paper Scientists
Dna Age Altering Essay, Research Paper Scientists Find New Lease of Life Scientists in the United States say they have been able to make human cells live longer by altering their genetic material. The research may offer renewed hope for age-related illnesses and the fight against cancer.
Plutonium Essay Research Paper Plutonium239 an isotope
Plutonium Essay, Research Paper Plutonium-239 (an isotope of plutonium) is used in making nuclear weapons. Plutonium- 238 is used to power equipment on the moon by means of the heat it emits. Plutonium is also used in radionuclide batteries for pacemakers.
Cancer Essay Research Paper I can still
Cancer? Essay, Research Paper I can still hear the medical tape being slowly pulled off of her skin. I was only ten the fact that my mother could die never entered my realm of thinking. It would take eight more years for me to fully understand and respect the physical and mental struggles my mother had gone through with her fight against Breast Cancer.
Hazards Of Smoking Essay Research Paper Hazards
Hazards Of Smoking Essay, Research Paper Hazards of Smoking Smoking refers to the practice of inhaling smoke from the burning tobacco in a pipe, cigar, or most commonly, a cigarette. Smokers feel relaxation because tobacco contains nicotine that is very addictive to a person who smokes. Smoking causes numerous hazards, which include: cancers, second hand smoke problems, and problems in pregnancy.
Prostate Cancer Essay Research Paper History of
Prostate Cancer Essay, Research Paper History of the Prostate GlandThe prostate is a gland that is located just underneath the bladder. It surrounds the urethra through which a man urinates. The prostate gland is therefore vital to proper bladder control and urine flow-rate. The prostate is also essential for normal sexual function.
Prostate Cancer Essay Research Paper The prostate
Prostate Cancer Essay, Research Paper The prostate gland is an egg-sized organ that rings the male urethra. The secretions of the prostate give nutrients to the semen. Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the second most common cause of cancer death in men. (Ernstoff,Heaney,Peschel,1998,pviii) Like all cancers, prostate cancer is an uncontrolled cell production in a particular organ or area of the body.
Prostate Cancer Essay Research Paper IntroductionProstate cancer
Prostate Cancer Essay, Research Paper Introduction Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancer in men over 50. This cancer is a serious disease, it rates the second leading cause of death in men, which means the symptoms remain hidden until men get older and they are able to recognize them. There are many ways to treat this kind of cancer but doctors can not insure patients that the cancer will fully go away at once.
Prostate Cancer Essay Research Paper Prostate CancerCancer
Prostate Cancer Essay, Research Paper Prostate Cancer Cancer of the prostate, a common form of cancer, is a disease in which cancer (malignant) cells are found in the prostate. The prostate is on the male sex glands, and is located just below the bladder and in front of the rectum. The size of the prostate is about the size of a walnut.
Diet And Cancer
… What Is The Link? Essay, Research Paper Diet and Cancer… What is the Link? Today we know that too much of a certain type of foods can have harmful effects on our health and well-being and we are learning that diseases such as
Cancer Essay Research Paper Prostate cancer is
Cancer Essay, Research Paper Prostate cancer is cancer of the prostate gland. The prostate is part of the male reproductive system. This gland is locates inside the body at the base of the penis, just below the bladder and in front of the rectum. It is composed of the glandular and fibrous tissue enclosed in a capsule of connective tissue.
The Prevalence Of Breast Cancer Among Black
Women Essay, Research Paper Exploring the Growth of Breast Cancer Among African American Women Breast cancer develops as an abnormal growth of cells accumulate within the breast. Recent studies have proven that White
The War On Cancer Essay Research Paper
The War on Cancer Cancer is a genetic disease caused by mutations in proto-oncogenes and tumor-repressor gene, the genes that control cell division. A mutation in proto-oncogenes increases cell division, while in the tumor-repressor gene inhibits cell division. A mutation in either of these can cause a cell to divide rapidly.
Prostate Cancer Essay Research Paper Prostate cancer
Prostate Cancer Essay, Research Paper Prostate cancer is a common form of cancer that has affected most every man whether he knows it or not. There are many factors and risks that can lead to this deadly cancer. With
Green Tea Essay Research Paper Green tea
Green Tea Essay, Research Paper Green tea and black tea have recently been the topic of many scientific articles and experiments. There have been many findings in the past several years that link tea with the prevention or decrease in many diseases and cancers. For my critical review, I chose to delve into the subject of the benefits of black, green and oolong (red) tea.
Colon Cancer Essay Research Paper MN Talking
Colon Cancer Essay, Research Paper MN Talking Points On Colon Cancer Treatment and Prevention As representatives of the citizens of New York State, we have a responsibility to ensure that everyone has access to the highest quality health care possible.
The Dangers Of Wanting A Dark Tan
Essay, Research Paper Skin Cancer:”The Dangers of Wanting a Dark Tan.”Have you ever been to a beach or water park and seen all the teenagers with dark, almost tropical tans? Though the look is appealing, every time you go out into the sun with unprotected skin you are putting yourself at risk of skin cancer. Most people don’t think about it, but with today’s pollution and deteriorating ozone, skin cancer is becoming ever more prevalent.
Broccoli Essay Research Paper BroccoliBroccoli is a
Broccoli Essay, Research Paper BroccoliBroccoli is a very healthy vegetable that contains a variety of vitamins and phyto-chemicals that can help prevent diseases. Broccoli is one of the healthiest foods among the food group. Vitamins A and B are contained in Broccoli. It has been known to help prevent cancer, as well as other diseases.
Cancer In Detail Essay Research Paper Discuss
Cancer In Detail Essay, Research Paper Discuss social, ethical and biological issues associated with cancer Cancer is one of the most complex and devastating diseases that claim the life of many
Cancer Cells Essay Research Paper Cancerous cells
Cancer Cells Essay, Research Paper Cancerous cells develop when conditions for cells are favorable, therefore allowing the divisions to continually occur, never stopping. When this happens, a tissue mass of cells called a tumor is formed and does not respond to normal controls regarding cell growth. Cancer cells have the following characteristics: profound changes in the plasma and membrane cytoplasm, abnormal growth and division weakened capacity for adhesion, and lethality.