, Research Paper
Throughout the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church continued to assert itsprimacy of position. The growth of the papacy had paralleled the growth of the church,but by the end of the Middle Ages challenges to papal authority from the rising power ofmonarchical states had resulted in a loss of papal temporal authority. An even greaterthreat to papal authority and church unity arose in the sixteenth century when the unityof medieval European Christendom was irretrievably shattered by the Reformation. Martin Luther was the catalyst that precipitated the new movement. His personalstruggle for religious certainty led him, against his will, to question the medieval systemof salvation and the very authority of the church. His chief opposition was Holy RomanEmperor Charles V who, due to multiple circumstances, was unable to impede Luther smovement. He opposed the Catholic doctrine of faith and good works for salvation,instead proposing a doctrine of salvation through faith. His publishing of theNinety-Five Theses, which covered the abuse of indulgences, is often seen as thebeginning of the Reformation movement. However, the movement was not only confined to Luther’s Germany. Nativereform movements in Switzerland found leadership in Ulrich Zwingli, who eventuallysought an alliance with Luther and the German reformers, and especially in John Calvin,whose Institutes of the Christian Religion became the most influential summary of thenew theology. On most important doctrines, Calvin was in agreement with Luther. Calvin differed from Luther in his belief in the concept of predestination, derived fromhis belief in God s supreme authority. This concept became the central focus ofsucceeding generations of Calvinists. One of the more radical Reformation groups, the Anabaptists, set themselvesagainst other Protestants as well as against Rome, rejecting such long-establishedpractices as infant baptism and sometimes even such dogmas as the Trinity anddenouncing the alliance of church and state. They believed in nonviolence and strictseparation of church and state, equality, and voluntary congregations. England during the Reformation was one of continuous change. The English
Reformation, provoked by the marital troubles of Henry VIII, reflected the influence ofthe Lutheran and then of the Calvinistic reforms, but went its own middle way, retaining both Catholic and Protestant elements. Following Henry s reign, Edward VImoved the Church of England toward Protestantism, followed immediately by areversion to Catholicism by Mary I. Elizabeth then reverted to Protestantism, and triedto merge Catholicism and Protestantism into the Anglican church. The Protestant Reformation did not exhaust the spirit of reform within theRoman Catholic church. In response both to the Protestant challenge and to its ownneeds, the church summoned the Council of Trent, which would not compromise withthe Protestants by reaffirming traditional teachings, making both faith and good worksnecessary for salvation. They reestablished the sacraments, relics, clerical celibacy, andthe practice of indulgences. Responsibility for carrying out the actions of the council fellin considerable measure on the Society of Jesus, which was grounded on the principlesof absolute obedience to the papacy and to militarily protect the word of God. Thechronological coincidence of the discovery of the New World and the Reformation wasseen as a providential opportunity to evangelize those who had never heard the gospel.Trent on the Roman Catholic side and the several confessions of faith on the Protestantside had the effect of making the divisions permanent. In one respect the divisions were not permanent, for new divisions continued toappear. Historically, the most noteworthy of these were probably the ones that arose in theChurch of England. The Puritans objected to the remnants of popery in the liturgical andinstitutional life of Anglicanism and pressed for a further reformation. Because of theAnglican union of throne and altar, this agitation had direct political consequences,climaxing in the English Revolution and the execution of King Charles I in 1649. Just asmany other denominations that would form such as the Quakers and Nonconformists,Puritanism found its most complete expression, both politically and theologically, in NorthAmerica, where denominations could find some sanctuary from the persecution of thehomeland.
35d
Другие работы по теме:
Black Legend Essay Research Paper The
Black Legend Essay, Research Paper The Black Legend During the late 15th and early 16th centuries Catholic Spain was beginning a vast movement in efforts to dominate Europe by conquering lands about the New World. Lands in Mexico and areas near the Yucatan known as New Spain became the focal point of Spain s conquest.
Luther
’s Reformation Essay, Research Paper In 1521, he was summoned again, this time by Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor. Luther went to the meeting known as a Diet in Worms, Germany. In his defense he said, “Unless I am convinced by Scriptures and plain reason – I do not accept the authority of Popes and councils, for they have contradicted each other.
Araby Essay Research Paper Araby1 SummaryThis short
Araby Essay, Research Paper ?Araby? 1) Summary: This short story is about a boy (narrator) who is attracted to his friend?s sister, she is also his neighbor. Narrator is a boy who has probably just started his
Modernity
– Transforming Progression Of Human Life – Free Term Papers, Book Reports, Essays, And Research Essay, Research Paper Modernity: A transforming progression of human life
Protestant Reformation Essay Research Paper Religion is
Protestant Reformation Essay, Research Paper Religion is a predominant force in our world today. It also had a strong impact on the lives of those alive during the Protestant Reformation. Many changes were brought along by this historical chain of events.
Journalism Today Essay Research Paper Summary Leads
Journalism Today Essay, Research Paper Summary Leads ( Why are they are effective) The summary lead is the most widely used lead. It provides a brief summary of the facts in the article in the first sentence. Summary leads work best in inverted pyramid stories. I think that summary leads are effective because if the reader has an interest in the subject after reading the short summary at the beginning, then they will read the whole article.
The Protestant Ethic And The Spirit Of
? Capitalism? Essay, Research Paper Max Weber?s original theory on the rise of Capitalism in Western Europe has been an often studied theory. In its relationship to Protestantism, specifically Calvinism, Weber?s theory has been in scholarly debate since it?s release in 1904. ?The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism? puts forth not capitalism as an institute, but as the precursor to the historical origins of capitalism.
Baroque Art Essay Research Paper The baroque
Baroque Art Essay, Research Paper The baroque has been called a theatrical style, one that deals in spectacle, grandeur, and dramatic contrast. Test these concepts in an essay that discusses the baroque as an expression of the Catholic Reformation, Protestant devotionalism, the Scientific Revolution, and the Age of Absolutism.
The Protestant Reformation Essay Research Paper During
The Protestant Reformation Essay, Research Paper During the late 1400’s, England became a country plagued by changes, both good and bad. Knights, who were once prominent in England faded away and became less popular. Soon after that, the Renaissance swept into and changed England dramatically. The Renaissance, which started in France and many other western European nations, was a time of prospering for literature, art, science and learning.
The Protestant Reformation Essay Research Paper I
The Protestant Reformation Essay, Research Paper I walked around town thinking about the Reformation that would make great impacts on the history of my village in Germany and other lands. Most people in Europe are prayer people who accept all aspects of the church, whether or not they personally believed in the idea or not.
Christian Reformation Essay Research Paper The Protestant
Christian Reformation Essay, Research Paper The Protestant Reformation Many ideas of the Renaissance like humanism, individualism and secularism stimulated a strong critique of the church+s policy and the clergy+s behaviour. Many people regarded it as a scandal that the catholic church sold indulgences.
The Protestant Reformation Essay Research Paper AP
The Protestant Reformation Essay, Research Paper _______________ AP European History Period 4 The Protestant Reformation The Protestant Reformation changed the course of European history very strongly, and rapidly. This paper will talk about what exactly the reformation did to Europe, in terms of social, political, and philosophical impacts.
Martin Luther And The Protestant Reformation Essay
, Research Paper Without Martin Luther, the Protestant reformation would have still occurred because it was mostly a result of social and economic issues of the times. Martin Luther did have a very important role in the reformation, as his ideas unified a group of people who all had the same types of beliefs, but needed direction.
Thirty Years War Essay Research Paper The
Thirty Years War Essay, Research Paper The causes of the Thirty Years War can be traced as far back as the renaissance period. It was during the renaissance that such ideals as secularism, humanism, individualism, rationalism and above all else secularism were first apparent in main stream society. These ideas led to the protestant reformation, which is an even more direct cause of the war.
Protestant Reformation And CounterReformation Essay Research Paper
In the first half of the sixteenth century Western Europe experienced a wide range of social, artistic, political changes as the result of a conflict within the Catholic church. This conflict is called the Protestant Reformation, and the Catholic response to it is called the Counter-Reformation.
Contrast Papers Essay Research Paper A Summary
Contrast Papers Essay, Research Paper A Summary of Poe s Short Story The Cask Of Amontillado One of the main themes of Edgar Allan Poe’s The Cask Of Amontillado is revenge. In this summary theme I intend to demonstrate how dramatic irony is used all along the short story as a way of reminding us the true intentions of the character who vowed revenge.
Council Of Trent Counter Reformation Essay Research
Paper It was Martin Luther who, in 1520, brought the discussion of need for a General Church Council back into debate. He, like many others, believed that it should be such a council, and not the Pope, that made all major and final decisions on issues concerning the Papacy. Previously, Popes had gone out of their way to make sure that these councils did not take place.
Protestant Reformation Essay Research Paper 3A2 Florian
Protestant Reformation Essay, Research Paper 3A2 Florian Boyce Euro pd. 6 November 2000 Protestant Reformation The Protestant Reformation was period of revolt. It was an uprising of the Roman Catholic Church. Though it has been proven that the main reason of rebellion was the grievances many people had of the church.
Protestant Reformation And The Catholic Counter Reformation
Essay, Research Paper The period immediately following the Protestant reformation and the Catholic counter reformation, was full of conflict and war. The entire continent of Europe and all of it’s classes of society were affected by the destruction and flaring tempers of the period. In the Netherlands, the Protestants and the Catholics were at eachother?s throats.
The Reformation Of The Church Of England
Essay, Research Paper On October 31, 1517, Martin Luther took a stand against the Church of England. He was troubled by the way the churches were embezzling money from the people. The pope and priest became wealthy and lived in a life of pleasure using money to make their life better. They never helped the poor people but instead demanded more money for churches while telling the people they would get their sins removed by donating to the church.
Blind Society Essay Research Paper Blind SocietySince
Blind Society Essay, Research Paper Blind Society Since time and memorial, people keep on arguing about what they believe are true. These arguments start from differences of their beliefs. But if one listens in all of their beliefs, they are all brought to a point that these beliefs are for the good of the society.
Calvin John Biography Essay Research Paper CALVIN
Calvin John Biography Essay, Research Paper CALVIN JOHN (1509-64). When John Calvin was a boy in France, Martin Luther launched the Protestant Reformation in Germany. Two decades later Calvin became the second of the great 16th-century reformers. His work and teachings had a profound impact on the development of Christianity.
Catholic Reformation Essay Research Paper Modern Catholic
Catholic Reformation Essay, Research Paper Modern Catholic writers, being no longer able to deny entirely the corruption of the Church which led to the Reformation, claim that the Popes detected such evil as there was and effected a complete internal reform independently of any pressure of Protestantism.
Summary And Responce To
“Black English” Essay, Research Paper Summary and Response Word Count 366 Summary In the essay titled, ?If Black English Isn?t a Language, Then Tell Me, What Is??
English Parliament
’s Rise Ot Power- Essay, Research Paper English Parliament’s Rise ot Power- In the seventeenth century, the political power of the Parliament in England, and the Monarchy in France increased greatly.