Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Essay, Research Paper
CFCs are a family of man-made gases used for various industrial purposes. First developed in the 1920’s in the United States, CFCs have been used in large quantaties since 1950. The industrialized countries can account for over 80% of CFCs use. CFC-11 is used primarily as a propellant in aerosol cans, although its use has been phased out it is still used in the production of plastic foams. CFC-12 is used in foam production as well as cooling coals of refrigerators and air conditioners. HCFC-22 was recently introduced as a replacement for CFC-12 because of its shorter life in the atmosphere, and thus is less of an ozone depleting drug. CFC-113, methyl chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride are used as solvents for cleaning, carbon tetrachloride is also a feed stock for the production of CFC-11 and CFC-12. CFCs are released in relatively small quantities, but one kilogram of the most common CFCs may have a direct effect on climate 1000 times large than that of one kilogram of carbon. In addition over the last two decades the percentage increase of CFCs in the atmosphere has been higher than any other greenhouse gas. By 1990 the increase was 4-12% a year.CFCs also destroy ozone – itself a greenhouse gas – their net effect on climate is unclear. The strength of the indirect effect of ozone depletion depends on variables such as temperature of the upper atmosphere and cannot yet be measured with any confidence. According to new research, however, it is possible that the indirect effect of CFCs cancels out some or all of the direct effect of their being powerful greenhouse gases.CFCs are generally colorless, odorless, and non-toxic. They also do not react chemically with other materials, and as a result they remain in the atmosphere for a very long time — often 50 to 100 years — before they are destroyed by reactions catalyzed by the sunlight. CFCs are composed of carbon, chlorine, and fluorine. Together with other manufactured gases that contain either fluorine or chlorine, and with bromine-containg Halons, CFC’s are referred to collectively as halogenated compounds, or halocarbons. There is an often significant lag time between the production of CFCs and their escape into the atmosphere. Some CFCs, such as those used in spray cans or as solvents for washing electronic parts, are emitted within just a few months or years of being produced. Others, such as that contained in durable equipment such as air conditioners, refrigerators, and fire extinguishers, may not be released for decades. Even if the use of CFCs were stopped it would take decades for the level of CFCs to fall to 0, unless some methods were adopted to capture and recycle CFCs. Although they are important greenhouse gases CFCs are better known for their role in damaging the ozone layer. CFCs first came to the publics attention in the mid-1980’s when a hole was discovered in the ozone layer over Antarctica. Scientist known that the complex series chemical reactions only occur during the Arctic and Antarctic spring times. The Stratosphere ozone forms a protective layer that blocks out the sun’s ultraviolet (UV) rays that cause skin cancer and other cell damage. In response to this weakening shield, most of the world’s CFC users adopted the “Montreal Protocol” in 1987. This treaty commits nations who signed it to phase out CFC use by the year 2000. In November of 1992, growing fears of the ozone depletion lead to the Copenhagen agreement, which commits governments to phase out the most destructive CFCs by 1996. Alternatives are being developed to replace CFCs. Some of these substitutes are halocarbons, such as the compound HCFC-22, which can replace CFC-12 in refrigeration and air-conditioning. These substitutes are also greenhouse gases, but because they are shorter-lived than the CFCs used now they will have a more limited long-term effect on the atmosphere. Other substitutes that are less harmful than CFC-22 have been developed and tested and are now being rapidly introduced for various applications. Additional solutions involve change in the industries to eliminate the need for halocarbons althogeter.For example water based cleaners are increasingly being sold for CFCs in the electronic industries, and non-pressurized, or pump spray bottles are being sold instead of CFC-driven spray cans.
Другие работы по теме:
Enviormental Concerns The Depletion Of The Ozone
Layer Essay, Research Paper Environmental Concerns: The Ozone Layer By David Wood Everyday millions of people are exposed to an invisible danger. An unseen danger that can cause horrible and drastic effects. Something so horrible that without prevention could lead to a horrible future. This danger is the depleting of the Ozone Layer.
Greenhouse Gases And Consequences Essay Research Paper
Greenhouse Effect The greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon that warms the earth and enables it to support life. Without it, the average temperature on earth would be around -18 degrees C, instead of the current +15 degrees C – a frozen wilderness. It works on the same principles as the ordinary glass garden greenhouse, where glass allows light to get in, but does not allow for the heat to get out.
Global Warming Update Essay Research Paper Studies
Global Warming Update Essay, Research Paper Studies made in the Earth?s temperature, reveal that the temperature is getting warmer. Industrialized countries and environmentalists say that it is time to limit emissions of greenhouse gases. The average global temperature has risen about one degree Fahrenheit since the turn of the century.
The Green House Effect Essay Research Paper
I N T R O D U C T I O N For hundreds of years, climates on earth have gone through great changes. The changes are caused by many activities that have occurred and are presently occurring on earth. Increasing evidence indicates that human impact on the environment is causing local and perhaps worldwide changes in climate.
Global Warming Essay Research Paper Many people
Global Warming Essay, Research Paper Many people disagree on the issue concerning global warming. Some believe that human activities, various forms of polluting, are the main cause of global warming. Others think that not only have humans not affected the planet by any significant amount, but that not much global warming has even occurred.
Ozone Depletion Essay Research Paper The Earths
Ozone Depletion Essay, Research Paper The Earth?s ozone layer shields all life on the planet from the sun?s harmful radiation and is extremely important to all life on the planet, but we as a human race are now faced with a very important question. This question is, ?Is the Earth?s
Ozone Depletion Essay Research Paper The reappearance
Ozone Depletion Essay, Research Paper The reappearance of the ozone hole over Antarctica has been a hot topic for scientist around the world. A few of these scientists are the atmospheric physicist Richard D. McPeters and several of his colleagues at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt. The ozone hole showed up earlier than expected, and it was wider and thinner.
Greenhouse Essay Research Paper The difference between
Greenhouse Essay, Research Paper The difference between Ozone Depletion and Global Warming Ozone Depletion The Ozone Layer is a region of the atmosphere from 19 to 48 km (12 to 30 mi) above the Earth s surface. Scientists were concerned when they discovered in the 1970s that chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons, or CFCs long used as refrigerants and as aerosol spray propellants posed a possible threat to the ozone layer.
Ozone Depletion Essay Research Paper Ozone Depletion
Ozone Depletion Essay, Research Paper Ozone Depletion And its Consequences The life on Earth is protected from harmful radiations by ozone layer. However, this shield is being damaged day by day due to harmful human activities. This paper will emphasize on how destruction of the ozone has and can further result in dire consequences to life on Earth unless steps are taken to reduce and eradicate this situation by covering the following vital points:
Chlorofluorocarbons Essay Research Paper The beginning of
Chlorofluorocarbons Essay, Research Paper The beginning of the CFC(chlorofluorocarbons) era started in 1928, when CFC were invented by a Du Pont chemist. CFC were best known as “freons” and became famous as a safe, nonflammable refrigerant. It s invention became a great triumph when Freon took the place of sulfur dioxide or ammonia which was used as the working liquid in refrigerators.
Depletion Of The Ozone Layer Essay Research
Paper The ozone layer diminishes more each year. As the area of polar ozone depletion (commonly called the ozone hole) gets larger, additional ultraviolet rays are allowed to pass through.
Climate Change And World Food Supply Essay
, Research Paper The world needs to think of how the climate is changing the food supply of the earth. The climate is doing some really bad things to the earth. The atmosphere is
Ozone Depletion Essay Research Paper Atmospheric ozone
Ozone Depletion Essay, Research Paper Atmospheric ozone layer depletion is a serious problem currently facing the world. The ozone layer protects humans, animals, and plants from harmful ultraviolet rays. Money and time are being spent on ozone repair, but the problem still exists.
The Poisoning Of Our Ozone Essay Research
Paper The Poisoning of Our Ozone Layer The poisoning of the Earth?s ozone layer is increasingly attracting worldwide concern for the global environment and the health effects of life on the Planet Earth.
The Ozone Layer Essay Research Paper The
The Ozone Layer Essay, Research Paper The Ozone Layer Introduction The ozone layer is one of the most important source of protection that exists on Earth. It is a region of the stratosphere containing a high concentration of ozone, and it prevents a great amount of ultraviolet and other high-energy radiation from penetrating to the earth s surface.
Air Pollution 3 Essay Research Paper Every
Air Pollution 3 Essay, Research Paper Every day, the average person inhales about 20,000 liters of air. Every time we breathe, we risk inhaling dangerous chemicals that have found their way into the air. Air pollution includes all contaminants found in the atmosphere. These dangerous substances can be either in the form of gases or particles.
Chlorofluorocarbons Essay Research Paper Chlorofluorocarbons CFC is
Chlorofluorocarbons Essay, Research Paper Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) is a molecule made of chlorine, fluorine and carbon atoms. It s a stable but dangerous molecule. It used to be used in refrigerators, freezers and aerosol cans. It had been used as coolant in refrigerator propellants in aerosol sprays.
Ozone Essay Research Paper Ozone is an
Ozone Essay, Research Paper Ozone is an important molecule in maintaining the homeostasis in the environment. Ozone, the molecule O3, makes a layer in the stratosphere,
Greenhouse Effect Essay Research Paper Greenhouse EffectThis
Greenhouse Effect Essay, Research Paper Greenhouse Effect This effect is the result of certain atmospheric gases letting sunlight through to the earth’s surface, while not letting energy radiated outward from the earth’s surface. This results in a net buildup of solar energy in the Earth’s atmosphere, because the flow in is greater than the flow outwards.
The Destruction Of The Ozone Layer Essay
, Research Paper INTRODUCTION In the beginning man lived simply and harmoniously with earth. However, as time progressed mankind’s thirst for knowledge and more economical ways of doing things led to technological advances. These advances, in turn, led to the industrial revolution, the invention of the automobile, and growth of the automobile industry.
Greenhouse Effect And The Hole In The
Ozone Layer Essay, Research Paper The Greenhouse EffectThe earth?s climate is predicted to change because human activities are altering the chemical composition of the atmosphere through the build up of greenhouse gases ? primarily carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.
Societal Marketing Concept Essay Research Paper The
Societal Marketing Concept Essay, Research Paper The societal marketing concept holds that the organisation should concentrate on the needs and wants of their customers, and then deliver the desired satisfactions more effectively and efficiently than competitors, in a way that maintains or improves the consumer’s and the society’s well-being.
Environmental Pollution Essay Research Paper ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTIONOur
Environmental Pollution Essay, Research Paper ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION Our environment is affected by our daily actions. The earth is plagued with land, air and water pollution. Some of the problems we face on earth are: deforestation, nuclear waste, acid rain, global warming, overpopulation and some animals are endangered.
Global Warming Essay Research Paper English 101October
Global Warming Essay, Research Paper English 101 October 31, 1998 Global Warming Global Warming is an important ecological issue because it has several negative effects upon our environment. Global Warming, or what has been called the Greenhouse effect, is the result of a fourfold ecological process. 1-Sunlight radiates from the sun, through space, to Earth’s atmosphere. 2- The sunlight enters the atmosphere and hits Earth.
The Greenhouse Effect Essay Research Paper Greenhouse
The Greenhouse Effect Essay, Research Paper Greenhouse Effect The Greenhouse Effect is a term for the role the atmosphere plays in warming the earth s surface. Infrared rays are trapped by the earth s atmosphere, keeping the earth warm and habitable. Acting as a pane of glass, methane, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide and CFCs trap the heat in.
Greenhouse Effect Essay Research Paper Greenhouse Effect
Greenhouse Effect Essay, Research Paper Greenhouse Effect The greenhouse effect occurs when gases such as methane, carbon dioxide,nitrogen oxide and CFCs trap heat in the atmosphere by acting as a pane ofglass in a car. |The glassX lets the sun light in to make heat but when theheat tries to get out the gases absorb the heat.
Ecology And Technology Essay Research Paper QUESTION
Ecology And Technology Essay, Research Paper QUESTION 1: Technology owes Ecology an Apology. Indeed, in my opinion, technology does owe ecology an apology. This is because ecological imbalances were as a result of the Industrial revolution, which could be said to be the beginning of the non-ending technological advancement cycle.
A Role Of Ethics And Social Responsibilities
In Management Essay, Research Paper A Role of Ethics and Social Responsibilities in Management. Ethics can be defined as a process of evaluating actions according to moral principal of values(A.Alhemoud). Throughout the centuries people were trying to choose between profit and moral. Perhaps, some of them obtain both, but every time it could have roused ethical issues.
The Greenhouse Effect Essay Research Paper 1What
The Greenhouse Effect Essay, Research Paper 1.What are the Greenhouse Gases? Carbon dioxide (CO2) is responsible for more than half the human contribution to the greenhouse effect, and concentrations have climbed steadily from around 280 parts per million at the dawn of the industrial revolution meaning 0.028 percent of the air s volume is taken up by the gas to around 355 ppm today.