Host Muscle Essay, Research Paper
The parasite Trichinella and its control of host muscle
Trichinella is a very important intracellular parasite. James Pagent first discovered Trichinella in humans in 1875 during a medical study. There are five species of Trichinella. Medically the most important is Trichinella spiralis. It is found worldwide and has the ability to infect a wide range of mammalian hosts.
Unlike many other species of intracellular parasites, such as Leishmania and Plasmodium, Trichinella does not kill the host cell. Instead it actively induces a series of modifications within the invaded cell ensuring the survival of both host and parasite.
Male and female Trichinella tend to live in the intestinal epithelium of mammals. Many L1 larvae are produced. These penetrate the intestinal wall and are transported via the bloodstream to striated muscle. Here they enter the cytoplasm and obtain nutrients via intracytoplasmic nutrition. Upon entering a muscle cell, the L1 larvae encounter a rigid arrangement of actin and myosin filaments. The parasite rearranges the cell contents in a co-ordinated manner, and in doing so transforms the muscle cell into a highly specialised nurse cell. The nurse cell acts in the same way as a placenta, secreting nutrients to the larva and exporting wastes.
The parasites initiate a form of population control by secreting a variety of antigens early in the developmental process. These antigens, whilst inducing a high level of protection, also restrict the numbers of developing larvae within a given area without inhibiting the development and survival of established parasites.
Transformation of the invaded muscle cell into a nurse cell typically takes 20 days and involves a number of morphological and biochemical reorganisations. The parasite induces the formation of smooth membranes and mitochondrial aggregates as a substitute for muscle-specific structures including myofilaments. This is followed by the enlargement of nuclei, which subsequently migrate to the centre of the cell. An additional change is the increased number of ribosomes, ER and golgi present, signalling the change in function of the complex from a contractile to a secretory cell. In addition, the nurse cell becomes encapsulated with a thick outer coat composed of collagen. This coat is continually shed in order to delay the host immune response. Infection is spread to other organisms when the muscle is eaten by predators or scavengers.
To date very little is known with regard to the molecular basis for these changes. It has been suggested however, that the secretion of antigens from the pharyngeal stichocytes of L1 larvae is responsible for maintenance of the nurse cell parasite complex. Since these antigens are not secreted until day 8 of the developmental process they are not thought to be involved in induction of nurse cell development.
It is proposed that these antigens interact with the hosts genome and either maintain or initiate the pattern of genome expression such that nurse cell development is completed.
These alterations in structure and functions can be detected clinically due to the onset of symptoms such as haemorrhaging under the skin, swelling under the eyes, cramping pains and diahorrea. In general, the severity of the infection is proportional to the number of infectious stages. Although Trichinella parasites can infect a wide variety of organisms it is only passed to humans through the eating of raw or uncooked flesh. Due to the implementation of stricter animal and food hygiene measures, Trichinella spiralis infections are less common. However, there remains a threat from infected rats, which may subsequently be consumed by farmyard animals such as pigs and horses.
Другие работы по теме:
Gun UnControl Essay Research Paper Gun Control
Gun Un-Control Essay, Research Paper Gun Control 1st affirmative speech Anyone who thinks that we have enough gun control laws is either NRA, or severly mistguided. And since I’m probably going to end up getting brushed off in the long run anyway, I’ll get my teams two cents in. There is really no place to begin, so I’ll dive on in head first.
Feline Vs Canin Heartworm Same Parasite Different
Disease Essay, Research Paper Canine vs. Feline Heartworm: Same Parasite / Different Disease Feline Heartworm disease has caused headaches for veterinarians since it was first recognized in 1921. Although feline and canine heartworm disease are different they do have some attributes in common. Both are caused by the parasite, Dirofilaria immitis, and vectored by the mosquito.
Master Of Your Fateare You The Essay
, Research Paper Are You the Master of Your Fate? Julian Rotter suggested that people feel their fate is decided either by internal or external forces. They control it themselves by their decisions and actions or they feel that there are outside forces such as luck influencing their destiny. Rotter believed that a person s personality was affected by whether they felt their fate was controlled internally or externally.
Parasitic Diseases Essay Research Paper As I
Parasitic Diseases Essay, Research Paper As I don’t know anyone in particular who has had a parasitic disease, or at least is willing to admit to having one, I will breifly go over some of what I know and have heard about these diseases. Additionally, as this topic of this paper is to go over some general knowledge about parasitic diseases, it shall be written in an informal manner, adn may stray off topic, for the sake of style and maintanance of an informal essay.
Cause The Parasite Giardia Lamblia
Essay, Research Paper How spread: Drinking contaminated water Areas of risk: Common anywhere there is contamination of surface or domestic water. Commonly spread through day cares of underdeveloped countries. Outbreaks have occurred in cities where water is not properly treated.
Parasitic Flatworms Essay Research Paper INTRODUCTION
Parasitic Flatworms Essay, Research Paper INTRODUCTION Imagine going to the doctor for a simple check up. Sure you’ve had some minor problems- indigestion, lack of energy, weight loss, and a bit of gas- but that’s not out of the ordinary….or is it? In most cases you would be correct…but today is your unlucky day.
Malaria
– Research Paper Essay, Research Paper Research Paper- Malaria Malaria is a disease caused by a parasite that lives both in mosquitoes and humans (9). Malaria lives in tropical and sub-tropical areas such as Southeast Asia, the Middle East, Haiti, India, The Dominican Republic, Africa, Papua New Guinea, and Central and South America (3).
Malaria Essay Research Paper MalariaMalaria is a
Malaria Essay, Research Paper Malaria Malaria is a disease that can be cured. It is also fatal if not quickly detected and treated. Luck also helps too. A person who gets malaria contracts it from a bite from female Anopheles mosquitoes. (Anopheles any of various mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles, which can carry the malaria parasite and transmit the disease to human beings) The mosquitoes themselves get the parasites from other humans who have the parasites in their bloodstream.
The Causes Of Malaria Essay Research Paper
THE CAUSES OF MALARIA Malaria is an infection by parasites which is spread by mosquito bites. The parasites are one cell animals which spend their live in the red blood cells of humans, and part in female anophleles mosquitos. The parasites are called protozoals of the species of plasmodia. It is most wide spead in the malaria belt which includes Mexico, Haiti, The Dominican Republic, Honduras, Ecuador, Africa, India, Southeast Asia and the Philippines.
Should We Support Gun Control Essay Research
Paper Should We Support Gun Control Gun control, is it really necessary? A lot of the politicians in the house say that gun control is a vital part in making Canada safe for everyone to live in, yet 80% of the people supporting gun control live in cities. There is nothing wrong with the way things are right now in respect to the laws that are already in place to deal with people and their firearms.
Men What Are We Essay Research Paper
Men, what are we? Men, is described as a mammal, a vertebrates. Rabbit, cow, are also mammals but they follow a rule. They exist with the ecosystem in a unique balance, food web that is determined from producers to 1st order consumer, to 2nd . 1st orders being the herbivore like rabbit. 2nd the predators, fox.
Benificial Insects Essay Research Paper Beneficial Insects
Benificial Insects Essay, Research Paper Beneficial Insects Insects have been roaming the earth for millions of years. They have adapted to every climate and terrain on earth. No matter what we do they will always be amongst us. This is not necessarily a bad thing; insects are actually beneficial to us. Insects help pollinate our crops each year.
Pesticides Essay Research Paper Give an account
Pesticides Essay, Research Paper Give an account of the ways in which biological control can be used to control pest numbers. The effect of predator-prey relationship in regulating populations has been exploited by humans as a method of controlling various pests. Biological pest control is where the natural predators (agent) of the pest ((target) are used to reduce its population to a tolerable level.
Destiny Or Free Will Essay Research Paper
The word choice is used frequently in today?s society. Many people confuse choice and control. How much power does one actually have? Can one choose what will happen at work? Or does life control what will occur? This question has befuddled the human race from the beginning of time.
Charles Dickens`
` “Bleak House” Essay, Research Paper Chancery, The Parasite That Plagues the Victorian Society In Charles Dickens Bleak House, Chancery is portrayed as a disease that plagues the Victorian society. Dickens uses the suits and the lawyers of Chancery to display its effects on the whole society.
Communism In Animal Farm Essay Research Paper
Communism in Animal Farm The novel Animal Farm, written by George Orwell, is a story of rebellion and dictatorship. The book is usually referred to as an extended fable, or a story that contains a moral and has animals that function as humans. The moral of Animal Farm is that communism does not work. This book can also be described as a satire because it makes fun of a certain aspect of society, such as communism.
Individualism In The Fountainhead Essay Research Paper
Topic #2 A. This particular quote from The Fountainhead summarizes the obvious differences between Peter Keating and Howard Roark. The question that Keating poses is rather meaningless and has no real answer because making a decision requires very little thinking. Roark finds an answer in the form of a question though, that leaves Keating silent in his lack of understanding.
Parasites And Their Virulence Essay Research Paper
ABSTRACT Why do some parasites kill the host they depend upon while others coexist with their host? Two prime factors determine parasitic virulence: the manner in which the parasite is transmitted, and the
Prejudgment Of The World Essay Research Paper
The story ??A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings?? is full of symbols that carry the real theme of the story. First, the appearance of the angel was old, with bad smell and parasite grown on the huge buzzard wings. The wings were dirty and half-plucked, and were forever entangled in the mud. The author made the appearance of the angel very unpleasant which makes a contradiction to our prejudice.
The Disease State Of Chlamydia Essay Research
Paper A parasite is defined as an organism that lives in or on another organism, called a host (2). If the parasite has the capacity to cause disease in the host then the parasite is called a pathogen. Disease in the host is caused by the infection of the parasite. The interaction between the host and parasite is complex.
Hot Zone Essay Research Paper Nature s
Hot Zone Essay, Research Paper Nature s Wrath Nature is our host and we are the parasite. In the book, The Hot Zone, Mr. Preston has explained one of the most feared things known to mankind, the virus. Even though as small as a needle head, it can kill humans faster than any weapon ever made. The actual virus itself, the host, and the organizations that spent years trying to figure out a cure are all examples shown in both The Hot Zone and the film, Outbreak.
Market Power In The Deregulation Of Electicity
Essay, Research Paper Market power, which is at the heart of the debate over ownership and control of the electricity transmission network, has been identified by the FERC (Federal Energy Regulatory Commission) as a potential impediment to the development of an unencumbered competitive market for electricity.
As I Lay Dying A Synapsis Of
Darl Essay, Research Paper How can we judge the insane? Does insanity stem from our genes or does it grow inside someone, overrunning their rational mind, infesting them like a parasite? In William Faulkner’s As I Lay Dying, he explores the realms of insanity with the character Darl, who at times seems perfectly normal but at other instances in the novel he just wants to “ravel out into time.” The true nature of Darl remains a mystery throughout the novel, for Faulkner does not say whether he really has a corrupted mind or whether his disturbed actions occur because of his hatred toward his family and mother.
Dimmesdale Vs Chillingworth Essay Research Paper Dimmesdale
Dimmesdale Vs. Chillingworth Essay, Research Paper Dimmesdale vs. Chillingworth Near the end of the novel, Arthur Dimmesdale tells the following to his fellow adulteress Hester concerning Roger Chillingworth: “We are not, Hester, the worst sinners in the world. There
Fate Overpowers Free Will Oedipus The King
) Essay, Research Paper Concerning the question of fate vs. free will, Sophocles felt that a person has no control over the course of his life. In the play Oedipus the King, Oedipus is a great example of Sophocles’ belief that fate will control a man’s life no matter how much free will exists in the man’s heart.
Music In The World Essay Research Paper
Ways in Which to Balance the Federal Budget In order to start balancing the U.S. federal budget we have to limit the amount of foreign aid we are giving out. Currently we have aid going out to countries helping birth control, world hunger and military protection. We need to cut these links off and focus on our own problems in this country.
Gun Control Essay Research Paper Gun EssayShould
Gun Control Essay, Research Paper Gun Essay Should we really just keep adding gun control laws? Well, I don’t think so. I think that Senator Larry E. Craig said it best “the criminal that wasn’t stopped by 20,000 laws won’t stop at 20,001.“ My viewpoint is that we should have better law enforcemnt.