Arab-Israeli Wars Essay, Research Paper
ARAB-ISRAELI WARS ================= Since the United Nations partition of PALESTINE in 1947 and theestablishment of the modern state of ISRAEL in 1948, there have been fourmajor Arab-Israeli wars (1947-49, 1956, 1967, and 1973) and numerousintermittent battles. Although Egypt and Israel signed a peace treaty in1979, hostility between Israel and the rest of its Arab neighbors,complicated by the demands of Palestinian Arabs, continued into the 1980s. THE FIRST PALESTINE WAR (1947-49) The first war began as a civil conflict between Palestinian Jews andArabs following the United Nations recommendation of Nov. 29, 1947, topartition Palestine, then still under British mandate, into an Arab stateand a Jewish state. Fighting quickly spread as Arab guerrillas attackedJewish settlements and communication links to prevent implementation of theUN plan. Jewish forces prevented seizure of most settlements, but Arabguerrillas, supported by the Transjordanian Arab Legion under the commandof British officers, besieged Jerusalem. By April, Haganah, the principalJewish military group, seized the offensive, scoring victories against theArab Liberation Army in northern Palestine, Jaffa, and Jerusalem. Britishmilitary forces withdrew to Haifa; although officially neutral, somecommanders assisted one side or the other. After the British had departed and the state of Israel had beenestablished on May 15, 1948, under the premiership of David BEN-GURION, thePalestine Arab forces and foreign volunteers were joined by regular armiesof Transjordan (now the kingdom of JORDAN), IRAQ, LEBANON, and SYRIA, withtoken support from SAUDI ARABIA. Efforts by the UN to halt the fightingwere unsuccessful until June 11, when a 4-week truce was declared. When theArab states refused to renew the truce, ten more days of fighting erupted. In that time Israel greatly extended the area under its control and brokethe siege of Jerusalem. Fighting on a smaller scale continued during thesecond UN truce beginning in mid-July, and Israel acquired more territory,especially in Galilee and the Negev. By January 1949, when the lastbattles ended, Israel had extended its frontiers by about 5,000 sq km(1,930 sq mi) beyond the 15,500 sq km (4,983 sq mi) allocated to the Jewishstate in the UN partition resolution. It had also secured itsindependence. During 1949, armistice agreements were signed under UNauspices between Israel and Egypt, Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon. Thearmistice frontiers were unofficial boundaries until 1967. SUEZ-SINAI WAR (1956) Border conflicts between Israel and the Arabs continued despiteprovisions in the 1949 armistice agreements for peace negotiations. Hundreds of thousands of Palestinian Arabs who had left Israeli-heldterritory during the first war concentrated in refugee camps along Israel’sfrontiers and became a major source of friction when they infiltrated backto their homes or attacked Israeli border settlements. A major tensionpoint was the Egyptian-controlled GAZA STRIP, which was used by Arabguerrillas for raids into southern Israel. Egypt’s blockade of Israelishipping in the Suez Canal and Gulf of Aqaba intensified the hostilities. These escalating tensions converged with the SUEZ CRISIS caused by thenationalization of the Suez Canal by Egyptian president Gamal NASSER. Great Britain and France strenuously objected to Nasser’s policies, and ajoint military campaign was planned against Egypt with the understandingthat Israel would take the initiative by seizing the Sinai Peninsula. Thewar began on Oct. 29, 1956, after an announcement that the armies ofEgypt, Syria, and Jordan were to be integrated under the Egyptian commanderin chief. Israel’s Operation Kadesh, commanded by Moshe DAYAN, lasted lessthan a week; its forces reached the eastern bank of the Suez Canal inabout 100 hours, seizing the Gaza Strip and nearly all the Sinai Peninsula. The Sinai operations were supplemented by an Anglo-French invasion of Egypton November 5, giving the allies control of the northern sector of the SuezCanal. The war was halted by a UN General Assembly resolution calling for animmediate ceasefire and withdrawal of all occupying forces from Egyptianterritory. The General Assembly also established a United NationsEmergency Force (UNEF) to replace the allied troops on the Egyptian side ofthe borders in Suez, Sinai, and Gaza. By December 22 the last British andFrench troops had left Egypt. Israel, however, delayed withdrawal,insisting that it receive security guarantees against further Egyptianattack. After several additional UN resolutions calling for withdrawal andafter pressure from the United States, Israel’s forces left in March 1957. SIX-DAY WAR (1967) Relations between Israel and Egypt remained fairly stable in thefollowing decade. The Suez Canal remained closed to Israeli shipping, theArab boycott of Israel was maintained, and periodic border clashes occurredbetween Israel, Syria, and Jordan. However, UNEF prevented direct militaryencounters between Egypt and Israel.
By 1967 the Arab confrontation states–Egypt, Syria, and Jordan–becameimpatient with the status quo, the propaganda war with Israel escalated,and border incidents increased dangerously. Tensions culminated in Maywhen Egyptian forces were massed in Sinai, and Cairo ordered the UNEF toleave Sinai and Gaza. President Nasser also announced that the Gulf ofAqaba would be closed again to Israeli shipping. At the end of May, Egyptand Jordan signed a new defense pact placing Jordan’s armed forces underEgyptian command. Efforts to de-escalate the crisis were of no avail. Israeli and Egyptian leaders visited the United States, but PresidentLyndon Johnson’s attempts to persuade Western powers to guarantee freepassage through the Gulf failed. Believing that war was inevitable, Israeli Premier Levi ESHKOL,Minister of Defense Moshe Dayan, and Army Chief of Staff Yitzhak RABINapproved preemptive Israeli strikes at Egyptian, Syrian, Jordanian, andIraqi airfields on June 5, 1967. By the evening of June 6, Israel haddestroyed the combat effectiveness of the major Arab air forces, destroyingmore than 400 planes and losing only 26 of its own. Israel also swept intoSinai, reaching the Suez Canal and occupying most of the peninsula in lessthan four days. King HUSSEIN of Jordon rejected an offer of neutrality and opened fireon Israeli forces in Jerusalem on June 5. But a lightning Israeli campaignplaced all of Arab Jerusalem and the Jordanian West Bank in Israeli handsby June 8. As the war ended on the Jordanian and Egyptian fronts, Israelopened an attack on Syria in the north. In a little more than two days offierce fighting, Syrian forces were driven from the Golan Heights, fromwhich they had shelled Jewish settlements across the border. The Six-DayWar ended on June 10 when the UN negotiated cease-fire agreements on allfronts. The Six-Day War increased severalfold the area under Israel’s control. Through the occupation of Sinai, Gaza, Arab Jerusalem, the West Bank, andGolan Heights, Israel shortened its land frontiers with Egypt and Jordan,removed the most heavily populated Jewish areas from direct Arab artilleryrange, and temporarily increased its strategic advantages. OCTOBER WAR (1973) Israel was the dominant military power in the region for the next sixyears. Led by Golda MEIR from 1969, it was generally satisfied with thestatus quo, but Arab impatience mounted. Between 1967 and 1973, Arableaders repeatedly warned that they would not accept continued Israelioccupation of the lands lost in 1967. After Anwar al-SADAT succeeded Nasser as president of Egypt in 1970,threats about “the year of decision” were more frequent, as was periodicmassing of troops along the Suez Canal. Egyptian and Syrian forcesunderwent massive rearmament with the most sophisticated Soviet equipment. Sadat consolidated war preparations in secret agreements with PresidentHafez al-ASSAD of Syria for a joint attack and with King FAISAL of SaudiArabia to finance the operations. Egypt and Syria attacked on Oct. 6, 1973, pushing Israeli forcesseveral miles behind the 1967 cease-fire lines. Israel was thrown offguard, partly because the attack came on Yom Kippur (the Day of Atonement),the most sacred Jewish religious day (coinciding with the Muslim fast ofRamadan). Although Israel recovered from the initial setback, it failed toregain all the territory lost in the first days of fighting. Incounterattacks on the Egyptian front, Israel seized a major bridgeheadbehind the Egyptian lines on the west bank of the canal. In the north,Israel drove a wedge into the Syrian lines, giving it a foothold a fewmiles west of Damascus. After 18 days of fighting in the longest Arab-Israeli war since 1948,hostilities were again halted by the UN. The costs were the greatest inany battles fought since World War II. The Arabs lost some 2,000 tanks andmore than 500 planes; the Israelis, 804 tanks and 114 planes. The 3-weekwar cost Egypt and Israel about $7 billion each, in material and lossesfrom declining industrial production or damage. The political phase of the 1973 war ended with disengagement agreementsaccepted by Israel, Egypt, and Syria after negotiations in 1974 and 1975 byU.S. Secretary of State Henry A. KISSINGER. The agreements provided forEgyptian reoccupation of a strip of land in Sinai along the east bank ofthe Suez Canal and for Syrian control of a small area around the GolanHeights town of Kuneitra. UN forces were stationed on both fronts tooversee observance of the agreements, which reestablished a politicalbalance between Israel and the Arab confrontation states. Under the terms of an Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty signed on Mar. 26,1979, Israel returned the Sinai peninsula to Egypt. Hopes for an expansionof the peace process to include other Arab nations waned, however, whenEgypt and Israel were subsequently unable to agree on a formula forPalestinian self-rule in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. In the 1980sregional tensions were increased by the activities of militant Palestiniansand other Arab extremists and by several Israeli actions. The latterincluded the formal proclamation of the entire city of Jerusalem as theIsraeli capital (1980), the annexation of the Golan Heights (1981), theinvasion of southern Lebanon (1982), and the continued expansion of Israelisettlement in the occupied West Bank.
Другие работы по теме:
The King Of Shannara Essay Research Paper
The First King of Shannara Terry Brooks This story takes place after an event called The Great Wars. These wars, some people believe will actually come to pass, involving nuclear weapons. In these wars almost the entire earth population is wiped out there were barely any survivors. The people who did survive did different things to do so, thus forming different races.
None Essay Research Paper In the book
None Essay, Research Paper In the book Star Wars Tales of the Bounty Hunters. There is this Robot assian driod under construstion in the labrotories in a well gaurded planet. they construct these Droids for the Empire. when the Droids come to life they start to think on there own, things start to get bad. the droid that they bring to life decides that he dose not want to be controlled by stupid humans and goes a killing rampage.He kills all of the people in the room before they could sound the alarm witch olny took about 3-4 seconds.
Wwi And Wwii Essay Research Paper I
Wwi And Wwii Essay, Research Paper I am sure that everyone can agree that war is a terrible thing. Even so, wars are very complex and interesting. There are many facets that one can explore about wars. For instance, one is the similarities and differences of the causes of World War I and World War II.. Another interesting thing to talk about when you think of wars would be all the different countries involved, belligerent or peaceful.
Tactics 2 Essay Research Paper Tactics are
Tactics 2 Essay, Research Paper Tactics are used in a way so that one country can be triumphal over another country or surrounding city-states. Throughout time many different tactics have been used in battles and wars. Each different country needs a different plan of attack. A leader must look at what a country s weaknesses and strengths are and decide from there.
Killing Fields Essay Research Paper ESSAYThis essay
Killing Fields Essay, Research Paper ESSAY This essay will discuss the events that happened in Cambodia and how these events were similar to the war events that occurred in Vietnam, the essay will also discuss the important differences in the wars in both countries.
The Illiad Essay Research Paper The IliadThe
The Illiad Essay, Research Paper The Iliad The way Homer wrote this text is similar to warfare today, especially the feelings. There are some differences though. At the end of the passage, Homer wrote War is men s business; and this war is the business of everyone in Ilium, myself above all. That is stating that only men fight in wars.
Earth Essay Research Paper I
Earth Essay, Research Paper I’ve watched all of history, watched great empires fall becuase of endless quarrels. I’m not a god yet I’m above humans and time itself. I’ve observered great minds prosecuted by others for something they have yet to understand, ideas turned into belief, trying to destroy one another over that one simple idea.
Wwi And Wwii Essay Research Paper Large
Wwi And Wwii Essay, Research Paper Large scale nationalistic values arose in 19th century Europe. This was a time when the majority of the political systems favored liberalism, a belief that there should be a free market economy and also people were rewarded because of their talent not there inherited privilege.
Epilogue Justinian And The Reconquest Of The
Mediterranean Essay, Research Paper 532 ? Justinian tries to break loose from circle ? enormous um money to East ? beats Vandals and then contends with Ostrogoths and Persian almost simultaneously. Did he know it was
The Wars Essay Research Paper The Wars
The Wars Essay, Research Paper The Wars “A picture is worth a thousand words,” we say. From the eyes and mind of the archivist studying the pictures of Robert Ross’ experience with war, they are worth a lot more. The photographs in the epilogue of Timothy Findley’s “The Wars” play an important role in Findley establishing both a trust with the reader, and a sense of realism to his war story.
War As An Effect On Science Essay
, Research Paper War as an effect on Science Today, war is something that people try to avoid. The many wars and conflicts that resulted from the past century have presented the harsh, bloody truths of warfare. The
Book ReviewWho Fights Who Cares Essay Research
Paper The book was based on a wide range of contributions, written and verbal, and has been edited together by Alex de Waal. He does not represent any of the views of any individual or government.
The Tobacco Wars Essay Research Paper The
The Tobacco Wars Essay, Research Paper The Tobacco Wars The U.S. government regulates the sale and distribution of tobacco products in many ways. Some examples of the way the government regulates are setting an age limit and taxing tobacco products. In the economic world, the tobacco wars are a serious issue.
Slave Trades Essay Research Paper African slave
Slave Trades Essay, Research Paper African slave trade to the America and the European was much worse than slavery in Africa. In this essay ,I will show you the differences. Where were the slave trade took place. Slavery was mostly happing in North America in the carribean and in Europe.The ships full of slaves mostly come to Cuba.
Choice Of Frontier Lines Essay Research Paper
Unlikely frontiers by choice, no decision to halt.? Governor who wanted to earn respect by expanding his province ?frontiers congealed around the orders of the empire: they arose by default? ?
Wars Between Spain And France Essay Research
Paper The wars between England and Spain was a shifting of power in Europe. A cause of the wars was the imprisonment and execution of Mary Stuart Queen of Scots. The Netherlands wanting to break away from Spain
Starwars Essay Research Paper MY STAR WARS
Starwars Essay, Research Paper MY STAR WARS: EPISODE 1REVIEW CHARLES SANFORD ENG. 11 As I sat in the huge theater awaiting the movie that I had been awaiting so long to
Book Review Of Star Wars XWing Rogue
Squardron Essay, Research Paper Book Review of Star Wars: X-Wing Rogue Squardron Dan Boughen 9A The title of the novel is Star Wars : X-Wing Rogue Squadron.
John Doe Essay Research Paper French Revolution
John Doe Essay, Research Paper French Revolution “Revolutions evolve in definite phases. At first they are moderate in scope, then they become radical to excess and finally they are brought to abrupt conclusions by the emerg…
Effects Of The Treaty Of Versailles On
Germany Essay, Research Paper The Effects of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany World War I was one of the bloodiest and deadliest wars of all time. Many agreed that there were to be no more wars hence a treaty was signed. However, the contents of the treaty were not to Germany?s favour. The treaty of Versailles had a great role in Germany?s decision and desire to enter into war.
Untitled Essay Research Paper Sand Pebbles essay
Untitled Essay, Research Paper Sand Pebbles essay The movie Sand Pebbles focus was on the flag. The flag was not only a symbol of a nation, but of nationalism, militarism and imperialism. During the 1800’s and early 1900’s there was a severe foreign influence in China. During this time period the European nations wanted to trade with the Chinese, but the Chinese had no interest in the European products for at the time China was self sufficient.
Difference Between Today
’s Media Coverage On The War And Past Media Essay, Research Paper Over different wars, media has progressed in its technology to show viewers more coverage. It has
Burger Wars Essay Research Paper Burger WarsForty
Burger Wars Essay, Research Paper Burger Wars Forty million customers are served every day by America’s biggest hamburger chains–McDonald’s, Burger King, and Wendy’s. In fact, many fast food restaurants are becoming an extension of the family kitchen. About two-thirds of all fast food is takeout, and most of that goes home.
Perisan Wars Essay Research Paper Persian Wars
Perisan Wars Essay, Research Paper Persian Wars The Persian Wars started due to some of the cities in Ionia revolting against Darius I, Persia s king, around 499 BC. Greeks has settled there for many years, but around 520 BC the Persians conquered it. The Greeks after awhile revolted against the Persians and Darius.
Star Wars Episode I The Phantom Menace
Essay, Research Paper Being a Star Wars fan for many years, I was greatly interested in the upcoming prequels (Episodes I, II and III). So, when Episode I was released, I was at the theater the opening day and I was just absolutely mesmerized. The movie was like a fine quilt, beautiful in color, smooth and comfortable.
Review Of Star Wars Essay Research Paper
Star Wars Recently I was an audience member for the movie ” The Phantom Menace”, thenewest addition to the “Star Wars” series. It isn’t really an addition though, it is aprologue to the other three movies. I found that this movie had an excellent storyline, easy to follow and interestingenough to NOT get a bag of popcorn.
Arab Israeli Conflict Essay Research Paper ArabIsraeli
Arab Israeli Conflict Essay, Research Paper Arab-Israeli Conflict The Chicago Tribune published an article by Ray Moseley entitled Arab-Israeli street battles claim more lives?, which examines the continuous struggle for peace in the Middle East. This article discusses how many Arabs are being killed at the hands of Israeli soldiers.
Environmental Scarcity Essay Research Paper Conflict From
Environmental Scarcity Essay, Research Paper Conflict From Environmental Scarcity or Lust For Wealth? In “Environmental Scarcities and Violent Conflict,” Thomas F. Homer-Dixon writes about the possible conflicts that are caused by environmental scarcities, using three different hypotheses’s to do so.
Punic Wars Essay Research Paper The Punic
Punic Wars Essay, Research Paper The Punic Wars was a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage for a period of 118 years. Rome, one of the sides of these wars, was a immense empire whose influence covered much of the known world at the time. Carthage, the other player in the Punic Wars, was a city state on the North Coast of Africa which had partial control over Sicily before wars and whose location was ideal for trading ground in the Mediterranean.
Unification Of Germany And Italy Essay Research
Paper The similarities between the unification of Germany and the unification of Italy are: they both were unified after a series of wars and during both countries unifications France received the bad end of it. Other similarities were after the unifications both countries were ruled by a monarch and the people who were unified generaly felt more loyalty to their local government thanto the new monarchs.
Star Wars Vs Star Trek Essay Research
Paper Thesis: Star Trek and Star Wars each posses similar and different general concepts, themes, and motives. Outline I. Technology A. Star wars 1. Weapons
Science Fiction An Escape Essay
, Research Paper Science Fiction – an escape People are always looking for a good way to escape the real world, especially work. Since work is so important in society today that it is almost impossible to avoid doing work without having to pay the price in the future. The perfect escape would be one that does not include work but does not have any future consequences.
Theme Park Wars Essay Research Paper Theme
Theme Park Wars Essay, Research Paper Theme Park Wars It is a hot, sunny day in the middle of August. School s out for the summer, and you have nothing to do. You and your friends decide to go to a theme park for a day, but which one will you go to? California has three major theme parks; Universal Studios, Six Flags Magic Mountain, and Disneyland.