Deception Experiment Essay, Research Paper
Abstract
We often give nonverbal cues as to whether or not we are trying to deceive someone. These nonverbal actions are involuntary. Subjects were asked three questions provided with no reason to lie. They were then asked three questions they were asked to lie about. Nonverbal cues were measured both, during the truthful answers, and again during the deceptive answers. The intention of this experiment was to prove that the dependent variables in this experiment would occur more frequently during deception than in truthfulness. This was not proven.
Nonverbal cues in deception as opposed to nonverbal cues in truthful responses.
Everyday life presents us with many temptations to lie to others. And in fact, research findings indicate that all to often we yield to these temptations. (DePaulo et al., 1996) found that college students tell about two lies per day, most of which are designed to enhance their social image or advance their social interests. Given these facts it seems important to tell whether another person is lying. Fortunately the findings of a large body of research on nonverbal communication can prove very useful in this respect.
(DePaulo, Epstein, & Wyer, 1993) showed that is virtually impossible to find anyone who can control or manage the many different channels of nonverbal communication. For this reason even persons who lie frequently and are highly practiced at this task, often reveal the fact that they are lying through some channel of nonverbal cues.
Some of the deception detectors are microexpressions, or fleeting facial expressions that last only a few tenths of a second. These expressions are very quick and according to (Ekman, 1985) are very are very difficult to oppress.
Another cue is inter-channel discrepancies. This is when there inconsistencies between nonverbal cues from different basic channels. For example, When a defendant is lying on the witness stand, while he/she might concentrate on maintaining eye contact; they may demonstrate postural shifts or body movements that show high levels of anxiety.
A third nonverbal cue involves nonverbal aspects of a person s speech called paralanguage. (Zuckerman, DePaulo & Rosenthal, 1981) shows that when people lie, the pitch of their voice often changes and they tend to speak more slowly and with less fluency. In addition, they may engage in more sentence repairs-in which they start a sentence, interrupt it, and start again (Stiff et al., 1989).
In this experiment the occurrence of the Independent Variables (nonverbal cues) were tested to see if they occurred more often in lying. Viewing past research, it would be reasonable to assume certain nonverbal cues would occur more frequently in deceptive responses.
Method
Subjects
Three subjects were selected randomly from the experimenter’s personal acquaintances. All of which were under-graduate students, one male, and two female.
Materials
Subjects responses to all questions were recorded on video by the experimenter. The experimenter possessed two sets of questions she would ask the three subjects.
Procedure
Each subject was asked three questions designed to provide no reason for the subject to lie. The subjects were asked to try to speak for at least thirty seconds if possible. This was so that the experimenter could test the frequency of the nonverbal cues. The first three questions were:
(a). Could you please tell me where you are from originally, where you have lived, where you live now, and the amount of time you spent in each.
(b). Could you please tell me each of the schools you have attended, how long you attended, and any significant ideas, or memories of each.
(c). Could you please tell me if your parents are married, for how long, your marital status, and personal views on marriage.
The second set of questions was asked along with the request of the experimenter that the subject be deceptive in his/her answer. These questions were:
(a). Could you please tell you r age during your first sexual experience, and what it entailed.
(b). Could you please speak briefly on personal strengths and weakness. That you admire in yourself and what others admire about you.
(c). Could you please sate your present occupation, job responsibilities, and yearly income.
After the subjects were videotaped the experimenter viewed the tape and recorded the data provided. For each subject in question 1, the number of times the subject lost eye contact with the experimenter in fifteen seconds was counted in both the truth-inducing question and in the deception question. In question 2 for all subjects, the number of times the subject said um , or similar in fifteen seconds was counted in both the truth inducing question and in the deception question. In question 3 for all subjects, the number of times the subject blinked in fifteen seconds was counted in both the truth-inducing question and in the deception question.
Results
After the experimenter came up with the numbers, the numbers were analyzed by a ONE-WAY repeated-measures MANOVA. Types of question (truth inducing, request for deception) were the Independent Variables. The Dependent Variables were the number of times the subject lost eye contact in fifteen seconds, number of timed subject said, um or similar, in fifteen seconds and number of times the subject blinked in fifteen seconds. The results showed no significant difference. So we fail to reject the null hypothesis.
Discussion
This experiment was designed to test the hypothesis that certain nonverbal cued occur more frequently in deceptive responses. The test showed no significant difference in nonverbal cue for truth vs. frequency of the same nonverbal cues in deceptive responses. One of the flaws in this experiment could be the lack of a sufficient number of subjects. More subjects could provide more variance in the frequency of certain nonverbal cues in deceptive responses. The experiment may also ask subjects open-ended questions requiring more lengthy answers. Perhaps fifteen seconds wasn t sufficient to test the frequency of non-verbal cues.
References
DePaulo, B.M., Epstein J.E., & Wyer M.M. (1993). Sex differences in lying: How women and men deal with the dilemma of deceit. In M. Lewis & C. Saarni (Eds.). Lying and deception in everyday life. (pp. 126-147). New York: Guildford Press.
DePaulo, B.M., Kashy, D.A., Kirkendol, S.E., Wyer, M.M., & Epstein, J.A. (1996). Lying in everyday life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 979-995.
Ekman, P. (1985). Telling lies. New York: Norton.
Stiff, J.B., Miller, G.R., Sleight, C., Montegeau, P.I., et al. (1989). Explanations for visual cue primacy in judgements of honesty and deceit. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56 555-564.
Zuckerman, M., DePaulo, B.M., Rosenthal, R., (1981). Verbal and nonverbal communication of deception. In Berkowitz (Eds.) Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 14, pp. 1-59). New York: Academic Press.
Другие работы по теме:
Moon Essay Research Paper Conclusion on the
Moon Essay, Research Paper Conclusion on the Moon Watch When I first got this assignment I was thinking I am never going to be able to do this every night for a month. I surprised myself once again. This class has made me doubt myself many times but I always seem to pull myself up to do it. I believe I did very well on this experiment and I achieved the purpose.
Conservation Essay Research Paper Child DevelopmentFour year
Conservation Essay, Research Paper Child Development Four year old Nicolas, six year old Thomas, and eight year old Jamie were the subjects for all the following experiments. First, the experiment will be stated and performed, the reaction will follow second, and then a conclusion. All children were uninformed of what and why this was taking place.
Men Essay Research Paper Experiment Aims to
Men Essay, Research Paper Experiment Aims to Get Real Men to Go to the Doctor This article from the New York Times explains men not admitting their sick or hurt. The men which were tested in this article men would ignore their aches and pains, mental and physical, until it is too late. I think that it is true that some men are afraid to look ?wimpy? or be called.
Beowulf Vs Bond Essay Research Paper James
Beowulf Vs. Bond Essay, Research Paper James Bond, created by Ian Flemming, shows the attributes of a modern hero: he is Intelligent, charismatic, attractive, and cool and collect at all times. Anything is justified in getting the job done, and he uses deception, trickery, and gadgets to surpass his opponents.
Much Ado About
‘Noting’ Essay, Research Paper Much Ado About Nothing is a play that centers around the question and battle between deception and reality. One first notices of the image of deception as we witness the masking and unmasking at the masquerade. In the play, most overhear discussions are deceptions. It is through eavesdropping that we see the true battle between deception and reality as we look at the subplots of Benedick and Beatrice, Hero and Claudio, as well as the comedy of Dogberry and his crew.
Are Suicidal And Violent Acts By College
Students Caused By Television Violence Essay, Research Paper Psych. 57 Peter Sams Mon. lab. 9/24/99 Are Suicidal and Violent Acts by College Students Caused by Television Violence
ExpirementHuman Research Essay Research Paper Experiment
Expirement-Human Research Essay, Research Paper Experiment: Figure Voting ration from Gore to Bush (Al Gore to George W. Bush) First step is to watch or read something of politics having to do with the Presidential Elections. Than send out QUESTIONAIRES to RESPONDENTS to do some UNSTRUCTED INTERVIEWS on a possible 5 minute INTERVIEW.
Finding The Density Of Air Essay Research
Paper The density of air In this experiment we are to measure the density of air. It is a quite simple experiment, you learn how important it is to measure exact and be aware of the sources of error when measuring such small quantities. The whole idea is that you know the mass of a certain volume of air, and then measure the volume.
Blue Bottle Experiment Essay Research Paper Description
Blue Bottle Experiment Essay, Research Paper Description In the demonstration, a bottle of colourless liquid is shaken for a few seconds until the liquid turns blue. Upon standing for about a minute, the solution goes clear again. This sequence can be repeated many times.
Political Propaganda Essay Research Paper The Deception
Political Propaganda Essay, Research Paper The Deception of Political Propaganda Have you ever heard a political speech? Did you find you self in favor of the speakers idea after his speech sometimes even if you weren?t before. Politicians use political language to make us have a certain felling about something.
Fusion Heat Essay Research Paper The objective
Fusion Heat Essay, Research Paper The objective of this experiment is to find the heat of fusion of water by using a calorimeter. The calorimeter will be used to melt ice in water to find the
Milgrim
’s Shock Psychology Essay, Research Paper Paul Brown 10/10/00 Methods pp.3 The most famous experiment Milgram conducted was also his most controversial. The issue dealt with the
The Milgram Shock Experiment Essay Research Paper
The experiment was designed to compare German and American levels of obedience. The immoral acts of the Nazis were carried out through obedience. Milgram wanted to see if American’s would also obey and participate in a destructive process.
Aids And Teens Essay Research Paper Kids
Aids And Teens Essay, Research Paper Kids and young adults are the fastest rising group for HIV transmission today. People are beginning to experiment sexually contact at a young age. Unsafe sex is both stupid and
The Adventures Of Huckelberry Finn
– Critique Essay, Research Paper Critical Biography Mark Twain, the pseudonym of Samuel Clemens, was, as a literary writer, a genius. His use of numerous literary devices throughout the novel are quite unique. Examples of them would be, irony;
Physics Lab Essay Research Paper III ResultsAnalysisMy
Physics Lab Essay, Research Paper III. Results/Analysis: My lab partner and I worked diligently in this experiment to be as accurate and as precise in our measurements and calculations with the technology provided. In part one of the experiment, we calculated the amount of force on the planet at the closest distance to be approximately 18 F.
DECEPTION IN OTHELLO Essay Research Paper Deception
DECEPTION IN OTHELLO Essay, Research Paper Deception, which by its definition is a bad thing and has only one level or degree, is truly not this way at all. Deception appears many times in Othello, but in almost every incident the degree of deception is different. There are only a few characters that use deception, and those characters all use different degrees of deception to get what they want in the play.
The First Reactor Essay Research Paper The
The First Reactor Essay, Research Paper The First Reactor The First Reactor chronicles the conception and implementation of the first self-sustaining nuclear pile. The booklet has three main sections to it. The first one tells of the history and background of the organizations and research that were used for the momentous experiment, as well as the actual proceedings that occurred on December 2, 1942.
Perils Of Obedience Essay Research Paper The
Perils Of Obedience Essay, Research Paper The Perils of Obedience This experiment is a test to see if people are naturally aggressive. Milgram does not believe that people are naturally aggressive. Although some people think people are naturally aggressive. Ordinary people can be part of a bad course of actions without having any anger toward then victim.
Filtered Speech Experiment Essay Research Paper Filtered
Filtered Speech Experiment Essay, Research Paper Filtered Speech Experiment Purpose The purpose of the filtered speech experiment was to look for three things. The first was to see/hear which frequencies can be eliminated from speech signal and conversely which frequencies can not in order to understand speech.
The Milgram Experiment Essay Research Paper The
The Milgram Experiment Essay, Research Paper The Milgram Experiment The Milgram experiment is one of Psychology?s most controversial experiments. The study examines to what extend individuals obey an authority figure, and how far they will go, even if they believe their actions are harming another individual.
Audi And Self Deception Essay Research Paper
Rodney Gordon (r_w_gordon@hotmail) ——————————————————————————– 1. What is the philosophical problem of self-deception? Just as Akrasia of actions is considered weakness of will, Akrasia of beliefs is considered self-deception. Self-deception refers to the way in which we (humans) can work our minds around something to trick ourselves into rationalising something that is irrational.
Chromotography Essay Research Paper ChromatographyA widely used
Chromotography Essay, Research Paper Chromatography A widely used separation tool Purpose: Given a sample of unknown ink, we were to use chromatography paper to determine the identity of the sample. And also, we were to separate two dyes of different color using a silica gel column, made in lab.
Chemistry Lab Essay Research Paper Lab ReportIntroductionThe
Chemistry Lab Essay, Research Paper Lab Report Introduction: The purpose of this lab was determining the molecular weight of an unknown solid organic compound by freezing point depression. In order to do so, one has to first, freeze cyclohxane, by putting it in ice cold water, and see what the constant temperature comes out as.
Measuring The Velocity Of Light Essay Research
Paper The aim of this experiment is to measure the speed of light in an experiment available to do at school. The principle is quite simple. Let a ray of light strike a rotating mirror that reflects the light three meters away to a second mirror, so that the light is reflected back at the rotating mirror and back to the laser.
Ethical Procedures And Guidelines Defining Pschycological Research
Essay, Research Paper Ethical Procedures and Guidelines Defining Pschycological Research Psychological research is often a very controversial subject among experts. Many people feel thatthere are many moral standards that are often not followed. Others may believe that there is much harmful misinformation that can often be harmful to subject and others.
Othello Essay Research Paper OthelloIn Othello we
Othello Essay, Research Paper Othello In Othello, we encounter Iago, one of Shakespeare?s most evil characters. Iago is an officer in Othello’s army and is jealous of Cassio’s promotion to Lieutenant. Through deception and appearance, we see many lies and clever schemes unfold. The astonishing thing about Iago is that he seems to make up his malicious schemes as he goes along without any planning.
Boyle
’s Law Experiment Essay, Research Paper Introduction This group experiment was to investigate Boyleґs Law. It was named Boyleґs Law, after Robert Boyle, who made the discovery. The experiment involved compressing a certain amount of air molecules into a smaller space. The way to do this is to trap the air in between the top end of a glass tube and a very thick layer of oil.