Benefits of Radiation
Radioactivity is the spontaneous disintegration of atomic nuclei by the emission of subatomic particles called alpha particles and beta particles, or of electromagnetic rays called X rays and gamma rays. The phenomenon was discovered in 1896 by the French physicist Antoine Henri Becquerel when he observed that the element uranium can blacken a photographic plate, although separated from it by glass or black paper. He also observed that the rays that produce the darkening are capable of discharging an electroscope, indicating that the rays possess an electric charge. In 1898 the French chemists Marie Curie and Pierre Curie deduced that radioactivity is a phenomenon associated with atoms, independent of their physical or chemical state. They also deduced that because the uranium-containing ore pitchblende is more intensely radioactive than the uranium salts that were used by Becquerel, other radioactive elements must be in the ore. They carried through a series of chemical treatments of the pitchblende that resulted in the discovery of two new radioactive elements, polonium and radium. Marie Curie also discovered that the element thorium is radioactive, and in 1899 the radioactive element actinium was discovered by the French chemist Andr Louis Debierne. In that same year the discovery of the radioactive gas radon was made by the British physicists Ernest Rutherford and Frederick Soddy, who observed it in association with thorium, actinium, and radium.
Radioactivity was soon recognized as a more concentrated source of energy than had been known before. The Curies measured the heat associated with the decay of radium and established that 1 g (0.035 oz) of radium gives off about 100 cal of energy every hour. This heating effect continues hour after hour and year after year, whereas the complete combustion of a gram of coal results in the production of a total of only about 8000 cal of energy. Radioactivity attracted the attention of scientists throughout the world following these early discoveries. In the ensuing decades many aspects of the phenomenon were thoroughly investigated.
Rutherford discovered that at least two components are present in the radioactive radiations: alpha particles, which penetrate into aluminum only a few thousandths of a centimeter, and beta particles, which are nearly 100 times more penetrating. Subsequent experiments in which radioactive radiations were subjected to magnetic and electric fields revealed the presence of a third component, gamma rays, which were found to be much more penetrating than beta particles. In an electric field the path of the beta particles is greatly deflected toward the positive electric pole, that of the alpha particles to a lesser extent toward the negative pole, and gamma rays are not deflected at all. Therefore, the beta particles are negatively charged, the alpha particles are positively charged and are heavier than beta particles, and the gamma rays are uncharged.
The discovery that radium decayed to produce radon proved conclusively that radioactive decay is accompanied by a change in the chemical nature of the decaying element. Experiments on the deflection of alpha particles in an electric field showed that the ratio of electric charge to mass of these particles is about twice that of the hydrogen ion. Physicists supposed that the particles could be doubly charged ions of helium. This supposition was proved by Rutherford when he allowed an alpha-emitting substance to decay near an evacuated thin-glass vessel. The alpha particles were able to penetrate the glass and were then trapped in the vessel, and within a few days the presence of elemental helium was demonstrated by use of a spectroscope. Beta particles were subsequently shown to be electrons, and gamma rays to consist of electromagnetic radiation of the same nature as X rays but of considerably greater energy.
One of the benefits of nuclear radiation is Radiology. In medicine, Radiology is the discipline of medical science that uses electromagnetic radiation and ultrasonics for the diagnosis and treatment of injury and disease. Radiology originated with the discovery of X rays by German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen in 1895. Roentgen was awarded the first Nobel Prize in physics for his work.
Another benefit of nuclear radiation is Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). MRI is a medical diagnostic technique that creates images of the body using the principles of nuclear magnetic resonance. A versatile, powerful, and sensitive tool, MRI can generate thin-section images of any part of the body including the heart, arteries, and veins from any angle and direction, without surgical invasion and in a relatively short period of time. MRI also creates “maps” of biochemical compounds within any cross section of the human body. These maps give basic biomedical and anatomical information that provides new knowledge and may allow early diagnosis of many diseases. MRI is possible in the human body because the body is filled with small biological “magnets,” the most abundant and responsive of which is the proton, the nucleus of the hydrogen atom. The principles of MRI take advantage of the random distribution of protons, which possess fundamental magnetic properties. Once the patient is placed in the cylindrical magnet, the diagnostic process follows three basic steps. First, MRI creates a steady state within the body by placing the body in a steady magnetic field that is 30,000 times stronger than the earth’s magnetic field. Then MRI stimulates the body with radio waves to change the steady-state orientation of protons. It then stops the radio waves and “listens” to the body’s electromagnetic transmissions at a selected frequency. The transmitted signal is used to construct internal images of the body using principles similar to those developed for computerized axial tomography, or CAT scanners.
Другие работы по теме:
Tanning Beds Essay Research Paper Tanning BedsSalonsWhat
Tanning Beds Essay, Research Paper Tanning Beds/Salons What exactly is tanning? Tanning is your body?s natural response that occurs when your skin is exposed to ultraviolet radiation (UV) such as the sun. Exposure to UV radiation from sunlamps and beds can add to the total amount of UV radiation you can receive in your lifetime.
Tapeworm2 Essay Research Paper Biological RelationshipIn nature
Tapeworm2 Essay, Research Paper Biological Relationship In nature you see many biological relationship in which two living aninamls have a relationship. One animal will benefits from the other aninaml that animal which lives off the other benefits from that animal or could suffers. A tapeworm and a human are example of a parasitism.
What Causes Cancer Essay Research Paper Cancer
What Causes Cancer? Essay, Research Paper Cancer is the number one killer in America today.We can say the known causes of cancer are radiation,sunlight,pollution,cigarette smokingand improper diets.I will explain the major causes of cancer,but before I proceed let me define the term “cancer.”To be defined cancer is an abnormal,uncontrolled growth of cells that can spread beyond their natural boundaries to other parts of the body.Cancers can develop in numerous parts of the body.
Rutherford
’s Discoveries Essay, Research Paper Ernest Rutherford Ernest Rutherford was born in New Zealand in 1871 as one of 12 children. It was Rutherford who first “split” an atom and who discovered the atomic “nucleus”, a name that he invented. For this he is regarded as the greatest experimental physicist of his time.
Apply The Budget Surplus To Science Essay
, Research Paper For years, everyone has opined on what to do with the budget surplus: fund new educational programs, cut taxes, and so on. Science needs the money. In some technologies, we are beginning to fall behind other countries. We must not allow this to happen. Everyone reaps the benefits of science; increasing funding for research programs would only enhance these benefits.
Haiti Essay Research Paper Globalization is not
Haiti Essay, Research Paper Globalization is not in the favor of poor countries like Haiti and only works to benefits the rich countries. I believe if they really wanted to help the Haitian people, they would help the peasants to get assistance from the government and other international organization that would give them appropriate technology such as fertilizers, tractors so they can increase productivity.
Fingerprints Essay Research Paper Fingerprints are one
Fingerprints Essay, Research Paper Fingerprints are one of the most important things that link a suspect with a crime scene. Even though that fingerprints are not always left by a criminal, the crime scene should still be examined for them. All people have distinct friction ridges on the skin of the fingers.
Untitled Essay Research Paper Being a dental
Untitled Essay, Research Paper Being a dental assistant would be a great job because it has a variety of interesting duties. It has goo hours, pay and benefits. There are always advancement opportunities. Jobs will be available because the dental assistant is needed to help the dentist. Being a dental assistant has many good qualities.
Yoga Essay Research Paper Jen ButlerNovember 191999Yoga
Yoga Essay, Research Paper Jen Butler November 19,1999 Yoga Yoga and HIV When I read the article Strike a Pose , I was pleasantly surprised to find out about all the benefits yoga had to offer. I knew some people practiced yoga to relieve stress or to clear their mind but to actually relieve your body of illness was a shocker.
HiroshimaA Essay Research Paper HiroshimaThe first most
Hiroshima(A) Essay, Research Paper HiroshimaThe first most powerful bomb, which is called the atom bomb, was droppedon August 6 , 1945. In a city located in Japan, called Hiroshima. Withthese facts and the information i ve read from this one book called Hiroshima I have a very strong opinion which I will speak of now.
Employee Benefits Essay Research Paper If you
Employee Benefits Essay, Research Paper If you have employees, than salaries, wages & benefits are a large part of your monthly expenses. You want to make sure you are getting the most productivity for your money.
Reality Essay Research Paper Virtual reality has
Reality Essay, Research Paper Virtual reality has promise for nearly every industry ranging from architecture and design to movies and entertainment, but the real industry to gain from this technology is science in general. The money that can be saved examining the probability of experiments in an artificial world before they are actually carried out could be great, and the money saved on energy could be even greater.
Modern Science Is Bullshit Essay Research Paper
Note: Less of an essay, more a branching statement. Recent medical experiments by some distiguished doctor person reveals that sun-light is actually good for your skin, despite medical evidence
Benefits Of Fitness Essay Research Paper BENEFITS
Benefits Of Fitness Essay, Research Paper BENEFITS OF FITNESS Being unfit can mean problems for you. Health problems; where your body wouldn t function properly due to a lack of exercise. Social problems; where you will be too fat to be attractive and be self-conscientious. Performance problems; where you are too unfit or stress out to play sports or focus on your work.
Herbs Essay Research Paper For more than
Herbs Essay, Research Paper For more than two thousand years, traditional Chinese medicine has relied on plants and herbs to cure minor and severe ailments and keep the body healthy. There are thousands of herbs from which to choose. Some have become rather well known, but most spend far less time in the limelight.
Plutonium Essay Research Paper Plutonium239 an isotope
Plutonium Essay, Research Paper Plutonium-239 (an isotope of plutonium) is used in making nuclear weapons. Plutonium- 238 is used to power equipment on the moon by means of the heat it emits. Plutonium is also used in radionuclide batteries for pacemakers.
Hiroshima Essay Research Paper Hiroshima The first
Hiroshima Essay, Research Paper Hiroshima The first most powerful bomb, which is called the atom bomb, was dropped on August 6 , 1945. In a city located in Japan, called Hiroshima. With these facts and the information i’ve read from this one book called Hiroshima I have a very strong opinion which I will speak of now.
Radio Astronomy Essay Research Paper Radio astronomy
Radio Astronomy Essay, Research Paper Radio astronomy uses radio waves to study regions of space. Radio waves are a form of electromagnetic radiation – like visible light waves only with much longer wavelengths. Visible light waves are oscillating electromagnetic signals with wavelengths of less than one millionth of a metre, whereas radio waves have wavelengths in the range of a few millimetres to several metres.
High Protein Essay Research Paper A high
High Protein Essay, Research Paper A high protein diet is essentially that, a diet that is high in protein. However… The diet is not only high in protein, but it is low in other nutrients
Electromagnetic Radiation Essay Research Paper Electromagnetic radiation
Electromagnetic Radiation Essay, Research Paper Electromagnetic radiation is defined as the emission and transmission of energy in the form of electromagnetic waves . An electromagnetic wave consists of two waves at perpendicular planes, on representing the electrical field while the other represents the magnetic field.
Photoelectric Effect Essay Research Paper Photoelectric EffectPhotoelectric
Photoelectric Effect Essay, Research Paper Photoelectric Effect Photoelectric Effect is the formation and liberation of electrically charged particles in matter, usually metals, when it is irradiated by light or other electromagnetic radiation. The term photoelectric effect designates several types of interactions.
Nuclear Energy Essay Research Paper Nuclear Energy
Nuclear Energy Essay, Research Paper Nuclear Energy should be produced because it is an alternative to fossil fuel. Nuclear energy helps to conserve our national resources that we use as fuel such as coil, oil, and natural gas. Another pro of nuclear energy is that radiation that is given off by nuclear energy is mostly thought of a very dangerous thing but it can be used in positive ways too.
Fog Types Essay Research Paper 1 There
Fog Types Essay, Research Paper 1. There are five types of fog to be found. There is radiation fog which is the cooling of air to dew point by longwave radiation loss and is considered to be a diabatic process (involving the addition of, or removal of heat). This fog develops when the loss of longwave radiation during the night causes cooling to the dew point.
Disaster Recovery Essay Research Paper Windows on
Disaster Recovery Essay, Research Paper Windows on Management – Disaster Recovery in the New Information Age This window talks about some of the benefits of a recovery system for businesses with round the clock electronic commerce. If a disaster happens and these companies don’t have a recovery system, it can cause massive delays and that can lead to loss of business and profits.
Starbucks Coffee Company Essay Research Paper CONCEPT
Starbucks Coffee Company Essay, Research Paper CONCEPT PAPER COMPANY: Starbucks Coffee Company The purpose of the video program is to orient and inform employees about the goals and objectives of the company. In addition to this, the rules and benefits of employees will be featured. The video will employ a factual style in conveying its purpose.
Low Level Waste Essay Research Paper Lowlevel
Low Level Waste Essay, Research Paper Low-level Waste facility Nuclear Fusion, a process in which two light nuclei combine to form a single heavier nucleus. An example of this is the sunrays they are the simplest form of
Cellular Phones Essay Research Paper While the
Cellular Phones Essay, Research Paper While the benefits to society are significant, cellular phones and other forms of wireless communication also create distractions that increase a driver’s risk on the road. The rising popularity of cellular phones and the development of on-board navigation systems heighten the concern about driver distraction; and radiation produced from cellular antennas and the effect it has on human health has been brought to our attention.